Simple Genetics
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| Grasshopper sex cells have half the number of chromosomes as their body cells. | true
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| Grasshopper body cells have half the number of chromosomes as their sex cells. | false
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| Grasshopper body and sex cells have the same number chromosomes. | false
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| When grasshopper sex cells join, the fertilized egg has the same number of chromosomes as the body cells of the parents. | true
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| What is meiosis? | The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells.
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| During meiosis, the two allels for each gene stay together. | false
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| How many pairs of chromosomes do human body cells contain? | 23 pairs of chromosomes
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| How many chromosomes do human body cells contain? | 46 chromosomes
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| How are the genes lined up in a pair of chromosomes? | In the same order.
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| Genes control the production of proteins in an organism's cells. | true
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| Proteins help determine the size, shape, and other traits of an organism. | true
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| What four nitrogen bases is a DNA molecule made up of? | Adenine, A; thymine, T; guanine, G; and cytosine, C.
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| What are proteins made on in the cytoplasm of a cell? | a ribosome
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| allele | The different forms of a gene.
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| chromosome | A doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information.
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| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.
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| dominant allele | An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
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| gene | The set of information that controls a trait; a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.
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| genetics | The scientific study of heredity.
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| genotype | An organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations
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| heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a trait.
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| homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a trait.
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| hybrid | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; an organism that is heterozygous for a particular trait.
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| meiosis | The process that occurs in the formation of sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.
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| mutation | A change in a gene or chromosome
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| phenotype | An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits.
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| probability | A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur.
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| Punnett square | A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
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| purebred | The offspring of many generations that have the same traits.
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| recessive allele | An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present.
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| trait | A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.
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| heredity | The passing of genes from parents to offspring,
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| Who is know as the father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel
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| How many genes are there per trait in simple genetics? | one gene per trait
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| What is another name for a Punnett Square? | a test cross
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| What can be used to predict the probability that a trait will pass from parents to offspring? | diagrams and math
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| How many base pairs are genes usually made up of? | usually 100s to 1000s
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| What are chromosomes made up of? | DNA and protein
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| How many genes does each cell contain? | somewhere between 20000 and 30000
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| How many chromosomes do most human cells have? | 46, 23 from each parent
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| What is asexual reproduction basically? | cloning
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| gametes | sex cells, sperm and egg
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| What is the genetic code? | The order of the nitrogen bases.
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| What does one group of three nitrogen bases code for? | one protein
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| During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from what on a chromosome to produce a specific protein? | gene
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| What are proteins made on? | ribosomes
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| What nitrogen base is replaced on RNA? | thymine
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| What is thymine replaced by on RNA? | uracil
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| What are the two types of RNA? | Messenger and transfer RNA
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| What is messenger RNA's job? | To copy the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus and carry the message to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
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| What is transfer RNA's job? | To carry amino acids to the ribosome add them to the growing protein chain.
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| What is the first step in protein synthesis? | The DNA "unzips" to direct the production of a strand of messenger RNA.
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| What is the last step in protein synthesis? | The protein chain grows longer as each transfer RNA molecule adds an amino acid.
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| What is a mutation? | Any change in a gene or chromosome?
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| How can mutations affect protein synthesis? | An organism's trait ,or phenotype, may be different form what it normally would have been.
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| Cells with mutations will always make normal proteins. | false
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| Some mutations occur when one nitrogen base is substituted for another | true
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| Some mutations occur when don't separate correctly during meiosis. | true
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| Mutations can be a source of genetic what? | variety
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| Mutations that occur in a body cell can be passed on to an offspring. | false
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| All mutations are harmful? | false
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| What do helpful mutations do? | Improve an organism's chances for survival.
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| Whether a mutation's harmful or helpful partly depends on an organism's what? | environment
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| Gregor Mendel experimented with hundreds of pea plants to understand the process of what? | heredity
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| Where are the female sex cells produced in a flower? | the pistil
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| Where is pollen, containing male sex cells, produced? | the stamen
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| Recessive alleles are never present when dominant alleles are present. | false
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| Recessive alleles hide dominant alleles. | false
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| Only pea plants with two recessive alleles will for short stems will be short. | true
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| What is a dominant allele represented by? | a capital letter
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| What is a recessive allele represented by? | a lowercase letter
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| Some scientists during Mendel's time thought he should be called the father of genetics. | false
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| When Mendel crossed two hybrid plants for stem height, what results did he always get? | 3/4 tall stems, 1/4 short stems
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| PHenotype | organism's PHysical trait
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| GENotype | organism's GENe makeup
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| codominance | When the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive.
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| chrom | color
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| fili | thread
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| gen | birth, production, formation
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| heli | sun
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| mono | one, single
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| mut | change
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| poly | many
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| script | write
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| tion | state, quality
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| trans | across
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| volu | bend, curve, turn, twist
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| zygo | pair
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