Sense Organs
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| Sensory receptor | any structure specialized to detect a stimulus
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| transduction | the conversion of one energy to another
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| Sensation | awareness of the stimulus
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| Modality | the type of stimulus or the sensation it produces
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| Location | encoded by which nerve fibers are sending signals to the brain
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| Intensity | strength of stimuli based on which fibers are firing, and how fast those fibers are firing
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| Duration | how long the stimulus lasts
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| Classification of Receptors | -By stimulus modality
-by origin of stimulus
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| Thermoreceptors | respond to heat and cold
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| Photoreceptors | respond to light
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| Nociceptors | respond to tissue injury
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| Chemoreceptors | respond to chemicals
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| Mechanoreceptors | respond to physical deformation of a cell
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| Exteroreceptors | detect stimuli outside the body
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| Interoceptors | detect stimuli in the internal organs
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| Proprioceptors | detect the position and movements of the body
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| Unencapsulated Nerve Endings | sensory dendrites that are not wrapped with CT
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| Free nerve endings | detect pain, heat, cold
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| Tactile discs | detect light touch and pressure
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| Hair receptors | detect hair movement
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| Encapsulated Nerve Endings | nerve fibers wrapped in glial cells or CT
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| Tactile corpuscles | detect light touch and texture, in dermal papillae
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| End bulbs | similar to tactile corpuscles but are found in mucous membranes of the lips and tongue, and conjunctiva
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| Lamellar corpuscles | detect deep pressure, stretch, tickle, and vibration
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| Bulbous corpuscles | detect heavy touch, pressure, and stretching of skin, and joint movement
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| Nociceptors.. | ..occur in skin, mucosa, all organs except brain and liver
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| Myelinated pain fibers produce fast pain | a feeling of sharp, localized pain perceived at the time of injury
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| Unmyelinated pain fibers produce slow pain | longer-lasting, dull, diffuse feeling
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| Injured tissues | release chemicals that stimulate the nociceptors and trigger pain
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| Referred pain | pain in the viscera is mistakenly thought to come from skin
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| Taste | Gustation
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| Lingual papillae | surface protrusions on the tongue
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| Filiform papillae | tiny spikes without taste buds that detect the texture of food
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| Foliate papillae | parallel ridges on the sides of the tongue that lose most of the taste buds by age 2-3
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| Fungiform papillae | widely distributed, but concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue
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| Vallate papillae | papillae arranged in a V at the rear of the tongue
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| Taste buds | groups of taste cells, supporting cells, and basal cells
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| Taste cell | epithelial cell with taste hairs, which serve as receptors, and that release neurotransmitters at their base to stimulate sensory nerve fibers
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| Basal cells | stem cells that multiply and replace taste cells
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| Primary tastes | salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umame
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| Smell | Olfaction
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| Olfactory mucosa | a patch of olfactory cells, supporting cells, and basal stem cells in the roof of the nasal cavity
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| Olfactory cells | neurons with olfactory hairs, cilia that have binding sites for odor molecules, on the modified dendrite
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| The axons leave the nasal cavity through .. | ..the cribriform foramina and converge to become cranial nerve I
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| An odorant molecule .. | .binds to a receptor on an olfactory hair
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| Binding.. | ..activates a 2nd messenger system
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| The cell depolarizes triggering .. | ..an action potential that transmits a signal to the brain
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| The signal travels .. | ..to the orbitofrontal cortex which receives input from taste and smell and integrates them into our overall perception of flavor
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| Outer ear | a funnel for conducting vibrations to the timpanic membrane
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| Auricle (pinna) | fleshy structure on the side of the head
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| Auditory canal | the passage leading through the temporal bone to the tympanic membrane
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| Middle ear | located in tympanic cavity of the temporal bone
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| Tympanic membrane | the membrane that closes the inner end of the auditory canal and vibrates free in response to the sound
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| Auditory tube | a passageway from the middle ear to the nasopharynx that allows air to enter to equalize air pressure
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| Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) | bones that connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
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| Oval window | opening covered by the stapes
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| Inner Ear | passage ways in the temporal bone
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| Vestibule | a chamber that contains organs of equilibrium
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| Cochlea | a coiled tube that is the organ of hearing
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| Scala vestibuli and scala tympani | chambers filled with perilymph that connect at the apex of the cochlea
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| Cochlear duct | middle chamber of the cochlea formed by the vestibular membrane and basilar membrane
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| Spiral organ | cells and membranes in the cochlear duct that convert vibrations into nerve impulse
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| Hair cells | sensory cells with short projections called stereocilia
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| Tectorial membrane | gelatinous layer resting on hair cells
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| - sound | an audible vibration of molecules
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| Transmission | air tympanic membrane ossicles perilymph vestibular membrane basilar membrane round window membrane
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| The reverse for outward vibration ... | ..pushes the basilar membrane up and pushes the hair cells against the tectorial membrane
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| On Inner Hair Cells is.. | ..a protein at its tip that functions as a gated ion channel
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| If the basilar membrane rises, | the IHC push against the tectorial membrane bending the stereocilia and pulling open the gate
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| K+ in the ______ flows through the gate and depolarizes the hair cells | endolymph
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| The hair cells release .... | ...a neurotransmitter from the base which stimulates the dendrites of a sensory neuron of cochlear nerve
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| Equilibrium | coordination, balance, and orientation in 3-D space
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| Saccule and utricle | chambers in the vestibule of the inner ear
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| Macula | hair cells and supporting cells in the saccule and utricle
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| Otolithic membrane | gelatinous layer the stereocilia hair cells are embedded in
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| When the head is tilted .. | ..the otolithic membrane sags and bend the stereocilia, stimulating the hair cells
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| When you begin moving or stop.... | ..the otolithic membrane moves at a different speed than the rest of the tissue thus bending the stereocilia and stimulating a nerve signal to advise the brain of a change in velocity
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| The Semicircular ducts | passageways filled with endolymph that detect rotational movements
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| Crista ampullaris | hair cells and supporting cells in the ampulla
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| Cupula | gelatinous cap the stereocilia are embedded in
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| When the head turns.. | the duct rotates but the endolymph lags behind, pushing the cupula thus bending the stereocilia and stimulating the hair cells
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| The hair cells synapse .. | ..at their bases with sensory fibers of the vestibular nerve
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| Eyebrows | facial expressions and protect eyes from glare and sweat
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| Eyelids | block foreign objects from the eye, blink to moisten eyes etc.
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| Conjuctiva | transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and the anterior surface of the eye except the cornea, which secretes mucous to prevent the eyeball from drying
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| Lacrimal gland | gland at the superolateral corner of the orbit that produces tears
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| Lacrimal punctum | pore on medial corner that collect tears lacrimal canal lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct nasal cavity
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| Extrinsic eye muscles | muscles attach to the walls of the orbit and the external surface of the eyeball that move the eye
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| Fibrous layer | (tunic fibrosa)
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| Sclera | white of the eye, of dense CT perforated by BV and nerves
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| Cornea | anterior transparent region that admits light into the eye
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| Vascular layer | (tunica vasculosa)
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| Choroid | posterior, highly vascular, pigmented layer
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| Ciliary body | muscular ring around the lens that supports the iris and lens and secretes aqueous humor
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| Iris | Adjustable diaphragm that controls the diameter of the pupil
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| Inner layer (tunica interna) | retina and the beginning of the optic nerve
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| Optical Components | transparent elements that admit light rays
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| Aqueous humor | serous fluid secreted by the ciliary body into the posterior chamber which flows though the pupil into the anterior chamber where it is reabsorbed by the sclera venous sinus
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| Lens | transparent oval suspended behind the pupil by suspensory ligaments attached to the ciliary body
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| Vitreous body | transparent jelly filling the space behind the lens
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| Retina | transparent membrane attached to the back of the eye
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| Macula lutea | center of the retina with the fovea centralis which produces the most finely detailed images
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| Optic disc | where the optic nerves leave the rear of the eye and BV enter and exit the eye
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| Blind spot | optic disc contain no receptor
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| Pupillary constriction | smooth muscles stimulated by the PNS that narrow the pupil and admit less light into the eye
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| Pupillary dilation | myoepithelial cells stimulated by the SNS that widen the pupil and admit more light into the eye
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| Refraction | the bending of light rays
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| Light that passes through the very center of the eye .. | ..is not bent
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| Light that passes through at an angle.. |
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| The refraction by the lens .. | ..fine-tunes the image
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| The Near Response | adjustment to close-range vision
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| Convergence of the eyes | orients the visual axis of each eye toward the object in order to focus the image on each fovea
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| Constriction of the pupil | constriction decreases peripheral light rays so that refraction occurs closer to the better-focused center
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| Accommodation of the lens | change in the curvature of the lens that enables you to focus on near objects
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| Photoreceptor cells | absorb light and generate a signal
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| rods | responsible for night vision
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| Cones | responsible for day vision and color vision
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| Bipolar cells | first-order neurons; synapse with rods and cones
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| Ganglion cells | second-order neurons; axons form the optic nerve
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| Horizontal cells and amacrine cells | form horizontal connection between rod, cone, and bipolar cells that enhance the perception of contrast, the edge of objects and changes in light intensity
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| Visual pigments | located in the membrane of discs in rods and cones
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| Rhodopsin | visual pigment of rods consisting of opsin and retinal
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| Photopsin | visual pigment of cones consisting of retinal and three different opsin that have different absorption peaks – for color
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| Light adaption | pupil constricts to reduce light intensity
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| Dark adaptation | pupil dilates to admit more light into the eye
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| The high sensitivity of rods in dim light that stems in part from the neural convergence.. | ..allows for a high degree of spatial summation
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| Peripheral vision | visual acuity decreases rapidly as the image forms away from the fovea centralis
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| High-resolution images | formed when you look directly at something and its image falls on the fovea because the fovea is only cones which do not converge
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| depth perception | the ability to judge how far away objects are
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| stereoscopic vision... | ..depends on two eyes with overlapping visual fields looking at the same object from different angles`
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| Middle-ear infection | infection spreads from the throat up the auditory tube to the tympanic cavity
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| Conductive deafness | any condition that interferes with transmission of vibrations to the inner ear
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| Sensorineural deafness | death of hair cells or any of the nervous elements concerned with hearing
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| Otosclerosis | fusion of the ossicles to each other or fusion of the stapes to the oval window
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| Cataracts | clouding of the lens
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| Glaucoma | elevated pressure within the eye that compresses the b.v. that nourish the retina
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| Detached retina | the retina separates from the wall of the eyeball
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| Astigmatism | deviation in the shape of the cornea causing vertical or horizontal to go out of focus
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| Hyperopia | eyeball is too short, causing difficulty seeing near objects
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| myopia | eyeball is too long, causing for difficulty seeing far objects
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| Presbyopia | reduced ability to accommodate for near vision with age
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