NWHSU Biochem I Exam #3
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| What is a Glycoconjugate? | Composite of a carbohydrate and a protein(peptide)
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| What is a Glycoprotein? | - ≥Oligosaccharide attached to a protein
- Common in membrane proteins
- For communication. Huge variety of oligosaccharides
- eg. Blood Type, hormones, antibodies, secreted proteins(milk proteins)
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| What are some examples of glycosidic bonds? | - Acetal
- Ketal
- Bonds between carb & AA r-group
- Bonds between carb & lipid
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| What are Proteoglycans? | - Polysaccharide(s) connected to proteins
- Structure in extracellular matrix
- In connective tissue
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| What are Glycolipids? | - In cytoplasm membranes
- eg. Blood Types
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| Glycoconjugates: If you have a smaller carbohydrate then what do you have? | Oligosaccharide:
-Protein = Glycoprotein
-Lipid = Glycolipid
They are in membranes communication
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| Glycoconjugates: If you have a larger carbohydrate then what do you have? | Polysaccharide:
-Protein = Proteoglycan-extracellular matrix, storage of H2O,joint lubercation
-Lipid = Lipopolysaccharide-outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
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| What is a Lipopolysaccharide? | - Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
- Recognized by humman immune system
- Variations of building blocks in polysaccharides ---> different serotypes
- Lipid acts a toxin
---> reaction from immune system
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| Describe the Sugar Code? | -Spec. interactions between distinct oligosaccharides and receptors
-Large number of possible oligosaccharides
-Large # of building blocks
-Few restrictions w/ respect to size
-Branching (unristricted)
-∂&ß connections combined w/ OH in various posit
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| What are Lectins? | Proteins with a specific ligand binding site for a specific oligosaccharide(receivers of information)
-Cell-Cell recognition
-Transfer of hormone signals
-Adhesion between cells
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| What is the basic structure of Nucleotides? | Building blocks
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| What are the 3 distinct components of nucleotides? | 1. Pentose
2. 1-3 phosphate
3. Base
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| What are the 2 base components of nucleotides? | 1. Purine (Adenine & Guanine)-All Good
2. Pyrimidine (Cytosine, Uricile & Thymine)CUT
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| There is a(n)______ bond between monophosphate and _______. | ester, pentose
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| Bases: _____:Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil How many rings are present? | Pyrimidines, 1
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| Bases: _____:Adenine, Guanine How many rings are present? | Purines, 2
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| What is the function of nucleotides? | 1. Building blocks for DNA & RNA synthesis
2. Energy currency of biological systems(ATP)
3. Chemical links in homonal signals ("2nd messengers")
4. Structural components of several coenzymes(NAD÷, FAD, coenzyme A)
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| ______bonds link successive nucleotides in nucleic acids. | Phosphodiester
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| Backbone begins at___end/site and terminates at___end/site. | 5^1, 3^1
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| There are phosphodiester linkages in the covalent backbone of _______and________. | DNA, RNA
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| What are the 3 ways to express nucleic acids in a simplified manner? | 1. pA-C-G-T-Aoh
2. pApCpGpTpA
3. pACGTA
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| Hydrogen bonding is the______ _______of the double helix(as well as base stacking) | stabilizing force
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| Base stacking is the ______ ______of adjacent bases. | hydrophobic interaction
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| James_____& Francis_____(Publication in Nature) was in the year_____ | Watson, Crick, 1953
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| Maurice______received the Nobel Prize in the year______ | Wilkins, 1962
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| ______Franklin also credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA in the year of ______ | Rosalind, 1953
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| ______are alterations in DNA that permanently alter genetic information | Mutations
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| What are the two types of mutations? | 1. Spontaneous
2. External Factors
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| Describe spontaneous mutations? | Two types:
a. deamination=loss of amino group(-NH2), happens 1/10^7 every 24hrs
b. depurination=purine-pentose bond breaks, happens 1/10^8 every 24hrs
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| [choose one]_________(deamination, depurination) occurs when the glycosidic bond between pentose and_______(DNA, RNA, base, ATP) is broken. | depurination, base
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| Describe external factor mutation? | Physical forces
UV radiation-makes covalent bonds with bases
Ionizing radiation-x-ray+gamma ray
-braking of covalent bonds
-opens rings of bases
-breaks bonds in backbone
-formation of ROS(Reactive Oxygen Species)
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| Describe Chemical forces? | Deaminating agents: nitrous acid HNO2
-Nitrosamine - found in cured meats
Oxidative agents:
-H2O2, oxygen radicals,<---quenched by antioxidants
-Origin:
-Ionizing radiation
-Aerobic cellular respiration
•exercise
•infections
•growing kids
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| Lipids: -Diverse with regard to______ -->have little to no ______ ______ -Diverse with regard to ________ | Structure
Water solubility
Function
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| What are 5 functions of Lipids? | •Structure: (cell) membranes
•energy storage
•energy source
•coenzymes or prosthetic groups
•signal transduction
•hormones(regulation, communication)
•pigments(retinal from ß-carotene)
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| Storage lipids consists of _____and______ fatty acids, covalently connected by a(n)______bond. | Glycerol (also known as triglycerol or triacylglycerol)
3
ester
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| Structure of Fatty Acids: Two Types 1.______-carboxyl group combined with ______or aliphatic tail 4-36 carbons in length with no double bonds. 2.______-has 1 or more double bonds and could be cis or trans configuration. | Saturated FA, hydrocarbon
Unsaturated FA
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| In Unsaturated FA's, which configuration is found in plants & fatty fish? | cis
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| In Unsaturated FA's _____is the "unhealthy" fat structure. | trans
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| Which FA is needed for proper function of membranes & cant be replaced by TFA. a. Saturated FA b. Unsaturated FA | b. Unsaturated FA
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| What are 2 sources of trans-fatty acids? | 1. In meat: bacterial activity in ruminating animals like cows
2. Human-developed process: Partial Hydrogenation
-->use oils for margarine - solid at room temp due to less double bonds & trans-config of remaining double bonds
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| Trans FA behave a lot like______? | Saturated FA's
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| Saturated FA's have_____hydrophobic interactions. Unsaturated FA's have______hydrophobic interactions. | Many
Less
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| Double bonds in cis-config. _____=pro-inflamitory _____=anti-inflamitory | Ω6
Ω3
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| Name this FA: 18:3^Δ9,12,15 / CH3CH2C=CCH2C=CCH2C=C(CH2)7COOH / Omega-3, essential | Alpha-linolenic acid
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| Name this FA: 16:0 / CH3(CH2)14COOH / End product of fatty acid synthesis | Palmitic acid
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| Name this FA: 20:5^Δ5,8,11,14,15 / CH3(CH2C=C)5(CH2)3COOH / Omega-3, precursor, conditionally essential | Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
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| Name this FA: 18:2^Δ9,12 / CH3(CH2)4C=CCH2C=C(CH2)7COOH / Omega-6, essential | Linoleic acid
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| Name this FA: 20:4^Δ5,8,11,14 / CH3(CH2)3(CH2C=C)4(CH2)3COOH /Omega-6, precursor for regulatory compounds in inflammation, conditionally essential | Arachidonic acid
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| Name this FA: 22:6^Δ4,7,10,13,16,19 / CH3(CH2C=C)6(CH2)2COOH / Omega-3, conditionally essential | Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
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| Describe Triacylglycerols | -In liver and adipose tissue
-Glycerol = backbone
-Condensation reaction
-Ester formation
-Hydrolysis – in small intestine
-Completely hydrophobic
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| Energy storage: List differences of carbs vs. fats | -Fats have higher energy content per weight
-Fats: longer-term energy storage, slow mobilization process
-Fats have insulating properties
-Glycogen: short term energy storage, quickly accessible
-Each gram of glycogen has ~2g of water associated with
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| What are the 2 basic types of membrane lipids? | 1. (glycero)phospholipids – majority of membrane lipids
2. Sphingolipids – glycolipids
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| _______lipids = amphipathic | Membrane
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| What are Glycerophospholipids? | -Glycerol backbone
-3 ester bonds
-Phosphate group
-2 fatty acids – which form the lipid bilayer
•Hydrophilic head
•Hydrophobic tail
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| Describe Choline? | –CH2-CH2-N(CH3)3+
-Typically associated with lipids
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| Phosphatidylcholine =_______ | lecithin
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| Describe Sphingolipids? | - Sphingosine backbone
- Amide bond
-Hydrophobic tail
-Hydrophilic head
-1 fatty acid
-Glucosylcerebroside, lactosylceramide, ganglioside GM2 = oligosaccharides (water soluble)
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| Sphingomyelin =_______ | choline component
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| Storage lipids(neutral): What are the components of Triacylglycerols? | Glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acid chains
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| Membrane lipids(Polar): - Phospholipids •What are the components of Glycerophospholipids? | Glycerol backbone with 2 fatty acid chains and 1 PO4-alcohol chain
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| Membrane lipids(Polar): - Phospholipids •What are the components of Sphingophospholipids? | - Sphingosine backbone with 1 FA chain and 1 PO4-choline chain
- Sphingomyeline
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| Membrane lipids(Polar): -Glycolipids •What are the components of Sphingolipids? | Sphingosine backbone with 1 FA and 1 mono or oligosaccharide chain
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| Membrane lipids(Polar): -Glycolipids •What are the components of Galactolipids(sulfolipids)? | - Glycerol backbone with 2 FAs and 1 mono or disaccharide-SO4 chain
- Only in plants
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| Membrane lipids(Polar): -Archaebaterial ether lipids have________linkage | Ether linkage
-See chart on page 9 of lipids chapter
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| Ether-lipids: -Describe Membrane Lipids | - In cytoplasmic membrane of heart and muscle cells (plasmalogen)
- Ether bond
- Hydrophobic tail
- Hydrophilic head – choline and phosphate components
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| Ether-lipids: -Describe Platelet activating factor | -(regulatory compound)
-In blood
-Promotes blood clotting
-Released by WBCs
-Functions related to immunity:
•Release of serotonin (vasoconstriction)
•Upregulation of inflammation
•Impacts allergic reactions
-Pregnancy:
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| Isoprenoids: -Isoprene=______ Building Block -Used to make________ | -C5
-Cholesterol
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| Isoprenoids: -Cholesterol •Hydrophobic •Hydrophilic hydroxy group – makes cholesterol________ •Recognize typical structure for steroids | amphipathic
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| Describe Steroid hormones: | Endocrine:
-Produced in special glands and carried in blood to target tissues
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| Describe Eicosanoids: (“Eicosa” = 20) | Paracrine:
- Produced and acts locally
- Derived from C20 omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids
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| What are some biologically active isoprenoid compounds? | - Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
- Warfarin
- Ubiquinone
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| Name 3 Eicosanoid derivatives: (“Eicosa” = 20) | 1. Prostaglandin (PGE1)
2. Thromboxane A2
3. Leukotriene A4
• All listed are pro-inflammatory regulators
• Enzyme used = cyclooxygenase (COX) blocked NSAIDS
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| Describe Retinol and Retinal: | - vision pigment in eyes
- Vitamin A with cis double bond
- Retinol - no double bond
- AL-->OL enzymatic conversion
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| Biological membranes and transport: -Composition and architecture •Diameter = ______nm •3 Main components = 1. Phospholipids 2. Protein 3._______ | 5-8nm
Glcocalyx
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| List characteristics of the composition and architecture of Biological membranes and transport: | - Flexible (cells can change shape – ex: RBCs and capillaries)
- Separation of compartments (creating order)
- Selectively permeable (proteins)
- Membrane bilayer
- Hydrophobic core of membrane (in between bilayer)
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| According to the Fluid Mosaic Model, what structures are located on the outside of the membrane structure? | 1. Glycolipid
2. Glycoprotein
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| According to the Fluid Mosaic Model, what structures are located on the inside(cytoplasm) of the membrane structure? | 1. Phospholipids
2. Peripheral protein (non-covalently linked)
3. Integral proteins (single trans-membrane helix)
4. Cholesterol
5. Peripheral protein (covalently linked)
6. Integral protein (multiple trans-membrane helix)
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| List the 3 types of diffusion for phospholipids in a bilayer? | 1. Uncatalyzed transverse diffusion:
•“flip-flop”
•Very slow
2. Transverse diffusion catalyzed by flippase:
•Flippase
•Fast
3. Uncatalyzed lateral diffusion:
•Within layer
•Very fast
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| What are the 2 types of Membrane Proteins? | 1. Alpha-Helix
2. Beta-Barrel
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| Describe Alpha-Helix member proteins | - Amino-terminus (N-terminus) on outside
- Carboxyl-terminus (C-terminus) on inside
- Majority of amino acid R groups are hydrophobic in membrane-spanning alpha-helices
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| Describe Beta-Barrel membrane proteins - “_______” lining pores in membranes - _______ amino acids to span membrane once - ~20 sections of beta-helical __________ for 1 pore | -Ribbons
- ~7-9
- polypeptide
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| Describe additional characteristics Beta-Barrel membrane proteins: - Produced by________ - Gram-negative is in_______ membrane | - Bacteria
- outer
- Creates pores
- Staph aureus releases alpha-hemolysin subunits assemble into pores (multi-subunit complexes)
- → monocytes and platelets
- Alpha-hemolysin toxin = human cytoplasmic membrane – pore is deadly for cell
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