BIO202 - Ch 28 - Pregnancy & Development - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
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| Conceptus | Developing offspring during pregnancy
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| gestation period | Last menstral period to birth - 280 days
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| embryonic period | fertilization to week 8
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| fetal period | week 9 to birth
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| Sperm fertilizes the __ oocyte. | ovulated secondary oocyte
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| Fertilized egg | zygote - first cell of new individuals
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| What capacitates a sperm so it can fertilize? | Cervical mucus, uterus, uterine tube & secretions of female tract - removes cholesterol of acrosomal membrane.
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| Ovulated oocyte surrounded by? | Corona radiata & zona pellucida - both must be reached by sperm.
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| Sperm receptor on egg. | ZP3 glycoprotein in zona pellucida.
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| Acrosomal reaction | Breakdown of acrosomal membrane & plasma membrane to release acrosomal enzymes to digest hole in zona pellucida.
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| What occurs to block polyspermy? | A corticle reaction - calcium surge that spills enzymes - zonal inhibiting proteins (ZIPs) - that destroy sperm receptors & prevent further sperm entry.
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| What do sperm lose when it enters oocyte? | Tail, midpiece, & centrosome in midpiece that holds microtubules.
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| What prompts secondary oocyte to complete meiosis 2? | Calcium surge due to sperm penetration - forms ovum nubleus to 2nd polar body.
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| Female pronucleus | Ovum nubleus after penetration of ovum & awaits fusion with male pronucleus.
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| When is the true moment of fertilization? | When female pronucleus & male pronucleus combine as their membranes rupture & their chromosomes are released - zygote formed.
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| cleavage | Phase of rapid miotic cell division in zygote without intervening growth periods - blastocyst formed - 2 identical cells.
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| morula | At 72 hours - berry-shaped cluster of 16+ cells
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| Why is multicellular blastocyte only slightly larger than single-celled zygote? | Virtually no growth occurs between successive divisions of cleavage.
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| Trophoblast cells help form? | placenta
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| Inner cell mast in blastocyst becomes? | Embryonic disk & then embryo
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| What surging hormones in blood repare endometrium for implantation? | Estrogens & progesterone
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| Which cells of blastocyte adheres to endometrium? | Trophoblast cells overlying inner cell mass.
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| Period of implantation | 5 days & complete usually by 12th day after ovulation.
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| Viability of corpus luteum is maintained by __. | hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin - LH-like hormone secreted by trophoblast cells. Keeps corpus luteum secreting progesterone & estrogen.
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| What do pregnancy tests test for? | Antibody tests that detect hCG.
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| Placentation | Placenta formation - chorion -> chorionic villi + decidua basalis = placenta.
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| What does placenta do? | Nutritive, respiratory, excretory, & endocrine organ.
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| What are the mother/embryo barriers? | Chorionic villi & endothelium of embryonic capillaries.
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| Levels of estrogen & progesterone __ during pregnancy, while hCG levels __. | increase-decline
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| The blastocyst becomes a __. | gastrula - 3 primary germ layers form & extraembryonic membranes develop.
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| Extraembryonic membranes | amnion, yolk sac, allantos, & chorion
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| amnion | Amniotic sac that fills with amniotic fluid & surrounds embryo.
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| yolk sac | Primitive gut - hangs from ventral surface of embryo - forms digestive tube & earliest blood cells & vessels.
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| allantois | Structural base for umbilical cord - links embryo to placenta & becomes part of urinary bladder.
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| The chorion encloses __. | embryonic body & all other membranes.
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| Primary germ layers. | ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm
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| gastrulation | 2-layered embryonic disk - transforms into 3-layered embryo - week 3
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| The primitive streak establishes __. | the longitudinal axis of embryo.
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| Most inferior germ layer | endoderm
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| First axial support of embryo | notochord - rod of mesodermal cells
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| Ectoderm forms? | "Outer skin" - nervous system & epidermis.
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| Endoderm forms? | "Inner skin" - epithelial lining of digestive, respiration, & urogenital system, & glands.
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| Mesoderm forms? | Skeleton & muscles of body.
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| Organogenesis | Formation of body organs & systems.
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| 1st major even of organogenesis | Neurulation - ectoderm that produces brain & spinal cord over notochord.
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| Anterior end of neural tube becomes? | Brain & rest becomes spinal cord.
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| somites | Paired mesodermal blocks that hug notochord on either side - 40 pairs - becomes verterbra & rib, dorsal dermis & muscles of neck, trunk, & limbs.
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| Splanchnic | Mesenchymal cells form heart, blood vessels, & CT of body.
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| Somatic mesoderm | Form ventral dermis, parietal serosa, limbs, bones, ligaments, & limb dermis.
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| coelom | Ventral body cavity - forms it from lateral mesodermal layers.
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| ductus venosus | Venous shunt that bypasses liver sinusoids.
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| Fetus' hepatic veins & ductus venosus empty __. | Into the inferior vena cava where placental blood mixes with deoxygenated blood.
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| Where does fetus' vena cava convey blood? | R-atrium
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| Foramen ovale | Allows fetal blood to pass from right atrium to left atrium - opening in interartrial septum.
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| ductus arteriosus | Transfers blood to aorta & bypasses pulmonary circuit.
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| teratogens | Factors that produce congenital abnormalities - alcohol, drugs, measles.
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| Chadwick's sign | Vagina develops purplish hue as it engorges with blood.
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| chloasma | mask of pregnancy - pigmentation
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| parturition | birth - 280 days from last menstral period
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| What hormone events induce labor? | Estrogen from placenta induces oxytocin receptors on uterus (myometrial cells) - this antagonizes progesterone - fetal cells produce oxytocin & placenta releases prostaglandins - stimulates muscle contraction - positive feedback mech.
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| Both __ & __ are essential for initiating labor. | Oxytocin & prostaglandins
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| Vertex presentation | head-first
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| dystocia | difficult birth due to malformed pelvis.
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| 5 Apgar signs | heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, & reflexes.
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| What causes baby's first breath? | CO2 build up - acidosis - excites respiratory centers in brain.
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| What hormone causes let-down reflex? | oxytocin
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