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Final Exam Vocab from Chapters 13-17 of

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Word
Definition
accountability   show
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agency point of view   show
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show A system of organization and control based on the principles of hierarchical authority, job specialization, and formalized rules.  
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show The major administrative organizations within the federal executive bureaucracy, each of which is headed by a secretary (cabinet officer) and has responsibility for a major function of the federal government, such as defense, agriculture, or justice.  
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show Special-interest groups that benefit directly from the activities of a particular bureaucratic agency and are therefore strong advocates of the agency.  
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show The idea that the bureaucracy will be more responsive to the public if its employees at all levels are demographically representative of the population as a whole.  
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show An approach to managing the bureaucracy that is based on presidential leadership and presidential management tools, such as the president's annual budget proposal.  
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show A basic principle of bureaucracy that refers to the standardized procedures and established regulations by which a bureaucracy conducts its operations.  
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show Bodies, such as the US Postal Service and Amtrak, that are similar to private corporations in that they charge for their services, but different in that they receive federal funding to help defray expenses. Directors: appointed by the president & Senate  
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hierarchical authority   show
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independent agencies   show
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show A basic principle of bureaucracy that holds that the responsibilities of each job position should be explicitly defined and that a precise dividion of labor within the organization should be maintained.  
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show An approach to managing the bureaucracy whereby people are appointed to government positions on the basis of either competitive examinations or special qualifications, such as professional training.  
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show The plilosophical belief that government governs best by staying out of people's lives, thus giving individuals as much freedom as possible to determine their own pursuits.  
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show An approach to managing the bureaucracy whereby people are appointed to important government positions as a reward for political services they have rendered and because of their partisan loyalty.  
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policy implementation   show
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show Organizations within the bureaucracy that are headed by commissioners appointed by the president. An example is the Commission on Civil Rights.  
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show Administrative units, such as the Federal Communications Commission and the EPA, that have responsibility for the monitoring and regulation of ongoing economic activities.  
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spoils system   show
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whistle-blowing   show
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show The authority of a given court to review cases that have already been tried in lower courts and are appealed to it by the losing party; such a court is called an appeals court or appellate court.  
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compliance   show
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show A separate opinion written by a Supreme Court justice who votes with the majority in the decision on a case but who disagrees with their reasoning.  
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decision   show
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show The opinion of a justice in a Supreme Court case that explains his or her reasons for disagreeing with the majority's decision.  
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show The relevant circumstances of a legal dispute or offense as determined by a trial court. THe facts of a case are crucial because they help determine which laws are applicable in a case.  
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show The doctrine that the courts should develop new legal principles when judges see a compelling need, even if this action places them in conflict with the policy decisions of elected officials.  
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show A closed meeting of the justices of the US Supreme Court to discuss and vote on the cases before them; the justices are not supposed to discuss conference proceedings with outsiders.  
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judicial restraint   show
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judicial review   show
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show A given court's authority to hear cases of a particular kind. Jurisdiction may be original or appellate.  
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show The constitutional provisions, legislative statutes, or judicial precedents that apply to a court case.  
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legitimacy (of judicial power)   show
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show A Supreme Court opinion that results when a majority of the justices are in agreement on the legal basis of the decision.  
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show A court's written explanation of its decision, which serves to inform others of the legal basis for the decision. Supreme Court opinions are expected to guide the decisions of other courts.  
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original jurisdiction   show
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plurality opinion   show
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show A judicial decision in a given case that serves as a rule of thumb for settling subsequent cases of a similar nature; courts are generally expected to follow precedent.  
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show The tradition that a US senator from the state in which a federal judicial vacancy has arisen should have a say in the president's nomination of the new judge if the senator is of the same party as the president.  
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writ of certiorari   show
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balanced budget   show
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show When the government's expenditures exceed its revenues.  
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budget surplus   show
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show Tax that individuals pay on money gained from the sale of a capital asset, such as property or stocks.  
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show When the government spends more than it collects in taxes and other revenues.  
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demand-side economics   show
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show The rescinding of excessive government regulations for the purpose of improving economic efficiency.  
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show A very severe and sustained economic downturn. Depressions are rare in the United States: the last one was in the 1930s.  
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economic recession   show
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show A system of production and consumption of goods and servies that are allocated through exchange among producers and consumers.  
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efficiency   show
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equity (in relation to economic policy)   show
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externalities   show
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fiscal policy   show
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show A tax on personal income in which the tax rate increases as income increases; in other words, the tax rate is higher for higher income levels.  
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inflation   show
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lassez-faire doctrine   show
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show A tool of economic management, available to government, based on manipulation of the amount of money in circulation.  
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national debt   show
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regulation   show
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supply-side economics   show
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show Any of a number of individual benefit programs, such as social security, that require the givernmetn to provide a designated benefit to any person who meets the legally defined criterial for eligibility.  
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equality of opportunity   show
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in-kind benefits   show
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means test   show
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negative government   show
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positive government   show
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poverty line   show
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public assistance   show
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show Social welfare programs based on the "insurance" concept, so that individuals must pay into the program in order to be eligible to recieve funds from it. An example is social security for retired people.  
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transfer payment   show
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show The lengthy period after World War II when the United States and the USSR were not engaged in acutal combat (a "hot war") but were nonetheless locked in a state of deep-seated hostility.  
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containment   show
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detente   show
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deterrence   show
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economic globalization   show
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show The view that the long-term economic interests of all countries are advanced when tariffs and other trade barriers are kept to a minimum.  
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insurgency   show
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internationalism   show
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isolationism   show
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show The three components (the military establishment, the industries that manufacure weapons, and the members of Congress from states and districts that depend heavily on the arms industry) that mutually benefit from a high level of defense spending.  
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show The situation in which nations act together in repsonse to problems and crises.  
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multinational corporations   show
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protectionsim   show
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