Greece
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| 2 types of poetry | epic and lyric
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| philadelphia in greek | brotherly love
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| homer | 700s bc; famous poet who composed odyssey and illiad, was blind; from greece
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| odysseus | king of ithaca who had many adventures on his way home from the trojan war; general in war; came up with idea of trojan horse
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| aegean sea | a sea between the eastern shore of greece and the western shore of asia minor; most of greece's islands are in it; important for trading, fishing, etc...; on eastern coast of mainland
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| trojan war | war between greeks and trojans; lasted 10 years; started when helen, queen of sparta, was captured by paris
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| peloponnesus | southern part of greece mainland; includes sparta
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| crete | large island in southern part of aegean sea;1st greek civilization, minoans, lived there
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| king minos | king under whom minoans rose
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| knossos | principal city of crete
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| mycenae | city in the peloponnesus which conquered the minoans and began mycenae; 1450-1100 bc
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| dark ages | time in greek history between 1100-800 bc where there was no culture; no one knows the cause
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| city-states | independent cities that were self-governing;started around 750-700 bc
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| democracy | 1st democracy started in athens in 510 bc; athenians needed a new way of government with more rights; democracy is a system of government by the people known as citizens; 15 percent of athenians were citizens
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| monarchy | a government ruled by a king or queen; used before dark age in athens
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| oligarchy | a government where a group of people rule over a larger group
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| tyrant | a leader who got power by force and ruled single-handedly
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| council of 500 | a council of 500 citizens chosen randomly; proposed new laws at assembly; part of democracy in 510 bc; used to give everyone a voice
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| assembly | used in democracy; where citizens met every 9 days to make laws
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| metic | foreigners; came from other greek city-states or parts of mediterranean region; couldn't hold public office or vote
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| herodotus | greek historian around 430 bc; wrote about being ruled by tyrants; world's 1st historian
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| barter | athenians used this method of trading until 500 bc; it is trading one item directly for another; became inconvenient
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| coroebus | a cook from elis who was the first recorded winner of the foortrace of the olympics in olympia in 776 bc
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| gods | divine or immortal beings believed to have powers over people and nature; can influence lives in good or bad ways
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| myth | a legendary story usually concerning gods or heroes, explaining why things are the way they are; teach moral lessons
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| sanctuary | a sacred place honoring a god or goddess
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| delphi | home to most famous sanctuary and delphic oracle
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| oracle | messages, sometimes mysterious, giving advice, interpreted by a priest of priestess
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| tragedy | a sad story where the hero is brought to fault by his/her own actions
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| comedy | a humorous play with a happy ending
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| phidippides | a greek runner who ran 280 miles to warn spartans about persian attack and asked for help; ran to marathon, said, nike, and died
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| marathon | site of important battle between persia and athensin 490 bc; athens won battle
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| ephors | 5 government leaders elected by spartan assembly who proposed laws with senators
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| helots | state slaves assigned by spartan government to work the farms
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| helots | state slaves assigned by spartan government to work the farms
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| darius | father of xerxes; leader of the persians; defeated at battle of marathon
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| xerxes | son of darius; victorious at battle of thermopylae; defeated at battle of salamis
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| darius | father of xerxes; leader of the persians; defeated at battle of marathon
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| thermopylae | 480 bc; greeks greatly outnumbered; fought in narrow path called hot gates; 300 spartans held off persians; persians won
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| xerxes | son of darius; victorious at battle of thermopylae; defeated at battle of salamis
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| salamis | final major battle between greeks and persians; greeks won by sinking one half of persian ships; 479 bc
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| thermopylae | 480 bc; greeks greatly outnumbered; fought in narrow path called hot gates; 300 spartans held off persians; persians won
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| pericles | 460-429 bc; military leader, general; intelligent and had great speaking skills; 3 goals- beautification, protection, democracy
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| salamis | final major battle between greeks and persians; greeks won by sinking one half of persian ships; 479 bc
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| golden age | 460-429 bc; led by pericles, seen as best of times; greece was center for art, literature, and ideas; greatest period of ancient athens during which it excelled in the arts, military, philosophy
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| pericles | 460-429 bc; military leader, general; intelligent and had great speaking skills; 3 goals- beautification, protection, democracy
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| long walls | strong protective stone walls surrounding athens; later expanded to port city piraeus
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| golden age | 460-429 bc; led by pericles, seen as best of times; greece was center for art, literature, and ideas; greatest period of ancient athens during which it excelled in the arts, military, philosophy
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| acropolis | a flat topped, fortified hill in the middle of athens; 200 feet above rest of city; temples, parthenon,
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| long walls | strong protective stone walls surrounding athens; later expanded to port city piraeus
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| acropolis | a flat topped, fortified hill in the middle of athens; 200 feet above rest of city; temples, parthenon, and buildings built on it
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| parthenon | temple on acropolis; dedicated to athena; 60 feet high; built from marble; surrounded by 46 foot high columns; home to a gold and ivory statue of athena
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| "the school of greece" | pericles' nickname for athens during golden age; means people should learn from athens
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| agora | marketplace; a large, open square located near acropolis; lined by beautiful public buildings and temples
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| parthenon | temple on acropolis; dedicated to athena; 60 feet high; built from marble; surrounded by 46 foot high columns; home to a gold and ivory statue of athena
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| "the school of greece" | pericles' nickname for athens during golden age; means people should learn from athens
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| agora | marketplace; a large, open square located near acropolis; lined by beautiful public buildings and temples
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| pasion | talented slave who gained freedom; put in charge of masters bank; donated money to government; died in 370 bc
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| thucydides | a greek historian who wrote about the plague in 430 bc
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| plague | an very contagious epidermic disease that swept through athens; caused by bacteria; in 430 bc; inside athens walls; most victims died within a week; appeared throughout history; killed pericles
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| alliance | an agreement between nations that joined for a common cause; main way they supported each other is by military and trade
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| peloponnesian league | an alliance between sparta and her allies; they declared war against athens a year before the plague; during peloponnesian war
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| peloponnesian league | an alliance between sparta and her allies; they declared war against athens a year before the plague; during peloponnesian war
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| delian league | an alliance between athens and other city-states during peloponnesian war; formed to protect greece from further persian invasion; athens took over and turned it into an empire; forced city-states to pay taxes
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| xenophon | a greek historian who wrote about the peloponnesian war around 400 bc; took place for thucydides after he died
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| philosopher | a person who searches for the truth and the meaning of life; thinks things through; asks, what is justice? what is wisdom? what is goodness?
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| socrates | a famous greek philosopher; father of greek philosophy; 1st greek philosopher; well-known teacher in athens; arrested for neglecting the worship of the gods and "corrupting the youth"; sentenced to death, had to drink hemlock; tried to ask every question
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| more socrates | one of his students was plato; according to oracle he was the wisest man on the earth
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| "the unexamined life is not worth living" | it is not worth living a life when you dont know anything and dont ask questions to try to figure things out; why go through life without corrections; quote of socrates; showed his curiosity of life
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| macedonia | a large state just north of greece; ruled by king philip starting in 359 bc; after king philip died alexander took his place
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| king philip of macedon | alexander's father; king of macedonia; took throne in 359 bc; military genius; murdered in 336 bc just before his first expedition to persia
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| alexander the great | king philip's son; tamed the wild horse no one else could; was 20 when his father was murdered; took father's place in building an empire
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| bucephalus | a wild horse; king philip's subjects were trying to tame him one day in 342 bc; no one could except for alexander
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| conquest | victory by force over other peoples; alexander made a 20,000 mile journey of conquest; he had many conquests; alexander traveled all over the land conquering cities as he went
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| aristotle | one of greeks greatest philosophers; king philip hired him to teach alexander about literature, philosophy, and science; later alexander would say that from his father he received a life, but from aristotle he learned how to lead a good life
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| hellenistic age | hellenistic means greek like; it is the period of time from alexanders rule to 146 bc; art and culture at the timewas a mix of greek and eastern; during this time greece became teacher of western world in areas of science, art, literature, and philosophy
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| alexandria | city in egypt named after alexander; became center of greek culture; home to the magnificent museum that had a huge impact on the ancient world and influenced future generations
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| advantages of monarchy | no argument over laws; a good king could govern well; good military leaders; no fighting over laws
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| disadvantages of monarchy | only one person with a voice; bad king could govern badly; succession; only one chance to get a good idea
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| succession | when people fight over the thrown
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| advantages of oligarchy | variety of ideas; more opinions and participation; more choices of representation; king heard other opinions while governing with oligarchy
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| disadvantages of oligarchy | hard to reach agreement; oligarchs were only nobles not common men; economic breakdowns could cause poor to sell land and some farmers went into slavery
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| advantages of tyrany | a good tyrant would stand up against bad oligarchies and help poor
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| disadvantages of tyrany | a bad tyrant would abuse power; one you get power, power often corrupts; no plan for succession
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| advantages of democracy | more representation; more good ideas; greater equality; poor are better represented
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| disadvantages of democracy | only 15 percent of people participated in greece; only citizens could vote or hold office; not all educated votes
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| land of greece | many mountains and islands; surrounded by bodies of water
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| geography of greece | small, isolated communities or regions; neighboring towns were often enemise
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| farming | grapes and olives grown on hills; many people were farmers; not much wheat was grown; aegean sea was used for transportation, trade, and fishing and it held almost all of greeces islands
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| minoan downfall | conquered by mycenae
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| mycenae downfall | no one knows
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| downfall of city-states | started fighting because they didnt have enough farmland to support their people
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| put these in chronological order: city-states; mycenae; dark age; minoans | minoans; mycenae; dark age; city-states
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| what did council of 500 do | proposed laws and went to assembly
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| how do you become part of council of 500 | citizens are randomly selected
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| direct democracy | citizens represent themselves
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| representative democracy | people represent others
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