BIO202 - Ch 26 - Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid/Base P2- Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
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| What causes bloating during menstral cycle & edema during pregnancy? | Estrogen causing NaCl reabsorption
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| Progesterone has __ affect & promotes __. | diuretic-like - Na+ & water loss.
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| Glucocorticoids promote __. | increased glomerular rate & edema.
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| K+ excess in ECF decreases membrane __. | potential - causes depolarization & reduced excitability.
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| K+ lack in ECF causes __. | membrane hyperpolarization & nonresponsiveness.
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| Shifts of H+ into & out of cells induce shifts of __ in the opposite direction to maintain cation balance. | K+
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| ECF potassium levels __ with acidosis. | rise
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| ECF potassium levels __ with alkalosis. | fall
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| K+ balance is maintained chiefly by __. | renal mechanisms
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| __ is never secreted into the filtrate. | Na+
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| Na+ is never secreted into __ but K+ is. | filtrate
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| As plasma Na+ levels rise, K+ levels __. | fall proportionately
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| __ cells are directly sensitive to K+ content of ECF bathing them. | adrenal cortical cells
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| Adrenal cortical cells release __ when K+ increases, thereby K+ controls its own concentrations in ECF by regulation of __ release. | aldosterone - aldosterone
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| Lack of ECF potassium causes __. | hyperpolarization of neurons & paralysis.
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| Hypocalcemia causes muscle __. | tetany
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| Hypercalcemia __ muscle cells & causes __. | inhibits - cardiac arrhythmias
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| Bone breaks down into Ca2+ and __. | HPO42-
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| PTH enhances CA2+ absorption by __. | intestines, renal tubules
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| Why are proteins influenced by H+ concentrations? | Due to their abundant hydrogen bonds
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| The lower pH in venous blood is due to? | Acidic metabolites & CO2 which combines to form carbonic acid, H2CO3
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| pH above __ is alkalosis. | 7.45
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| pH below __ is acidosis/acidemia | 7.35
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| Physiological acidosis | pH between 7.35 & 7.0
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| Most H+ originates as __. | metabolic by-products or end products.
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| 3 major chemical buffer systems of body are? | bicarbonate, phosphate, & protein buffer systems.
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| Bicarbonate buffer system | Carbonic acid (H2CO3) & its salt sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
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| What is the only important ECF buffer? | Bicarbonate buffer system - carbonic - sodium bicarbonate
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| Alkaline reserve | available HCO3- ions
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| Carbonic acid comes from? | The CO2 released during cellular respiration.
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| Phosphate buffer system | NaH2PO4 => Na2HPO4 - one less hydrogen atom
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| Where is phosphate buffer system most effective? | In urine & ICF where phosphate concentrations are usually higher.
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| Protein buffer system | Proteins in plasma & cells - exposed organic acid groups (-COOH) release H+ when pH rises & others bind to the H+ ions.
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| A single __ molecule can function as an acid or base depending on the pH of environment. | protein - amphoteric molecules
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| Give an example of an amphoteric molecule | Hemoglobin - functions as intracellular buffer. Can buffer carbonic acid - amino acid - protein buffer system.
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| Which fluid contains most magnesium? | Intracellular fluid (ICF).
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| Which fluid contains most calcium? | Plasma & then interstitial fluid
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