441 Exam 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Cardiac excitation normally begins with ... | the SA node
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| what does the SA node do? | repeatedly depolarize to threshold spontaneously- pacemaker potential
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| By conducting along the atrial muscle fibers, the action potential reaches the | AV node
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| after the AV node the action potential reaches the... | AV bundle
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| the bundle is the only site where action potentials can.. | conduct from the atria to ventricles
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| after the AV bundle, the AP enters the... | R and L bundle branches
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| the bundle branches extend through the... | interventricular septum towards the apex
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| purkine fibers rapidly | conduct the AP beginning at the apex of the heart upward to remainder of ventricular myocardium
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| an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) EKG-from German word is | a recording of the electrical signals of the heart; a composite record of action potentials produced by all of the heart muscle fibers during each heart beat
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| electrocardiograph is | the instrument used to record the changes
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| what can an ECG determine? | if the conducting pathways is abnormal, if the heart is enlarged, if certain regions of the heart are damaged, and the cause of chest pain
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| The P wave represnets | atrial depolarization
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| Atrial depolarization spreads from the ________ through the _________ | SA node; contractile fibers in the atria
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| The QRS complex represents the onset of ___________ | rapid ventricular depolarization
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| The T wave indicates _________ | ventricular repolarization; occurs just as ventricles are starting the relax
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| The T wave is __________ and ___________ than the QRS complex. Why? | smaller and wider because repolarization occurs more slowly than depolarization
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| Reading an ECG, the _________ of the waves can provide clues to abnormalities | size
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| Larger P waves indicate… | enlargement of the atria
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| An enlarged Q wave may indicate a … | myocardial infarction
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| An enlarged R wave generally indicates… | enlarged ventricles
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| The T wave is flatter than normal when.. | the heart is receiving insufficient oxygen; ex) CAD
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| The T wave may be elevated in… | hyperkalemia (high blood K+ level)
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| Analysis of an ECG involves measuring… | the time spans between waves
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| Time span between waves | intervals or segments
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| The P-Q interval is from the.. | beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex
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| What does the P-Q interval represent? | conduction time from the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation
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| Another way to look at it.. the P-Q interval is the time.. | required for the action potential to travel through the atria, AV node, and remaining fibers of the conduction system.
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| What happens to the P-Q interval in disorders such as CAD and rheumatic fever? | it lengthens
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| The S-T segment | begins at the end of the S wave and ends at the beginning of the T wave
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| S-T segment represents | time when the ventricular contractile fibers are depolarized during the plateau phase of the action potential
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| The S-T segment is elevated above the baseline in.. | acute myocardial infarction
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| The S-T segment is depressed below the baseline in.. | the heart receives insufficient oxygen
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| The Q-T interval goes from …. | the start of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave
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| Q-T interval is the time … | from the beginning of the ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular repolarization
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| The Q-T interval may be lengthened by…. | myocardial damage, myocardial ischemia, or conduction abnormalities
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| Myocardial ischemia | decreased blood flow
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| Systole | contraction
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| Diastole | relaxation
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| The ECG waves predict… | the timing of atrial and ventricular systole and diastole
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| ECG graph paper is divided into… | 1 mm sections
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| Horizontal spacing | .04 sec at 25 mm/sec
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| Bold lines | .04 x 5
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| Vertical lines | 10 mvolts
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| 10 mm | 100 mvolts
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| upward deflections | positive
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| downward deflection | negative
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| Normal P wave time | .11 sec long, 2-3 mm tall
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| PR normal interval time | .12-.20 sec
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| QRS normal interval time | .05-.10 sec
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| Q wave norm time | .04 sec, ¼ -1/3 height of R wave
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| What is S wave? | ventricular depolarization away from electrode
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| QT seg norm time | .4 to .44 sec
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| What is J point? | where ST takes off from Q
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| A longer QRS complex time may mean ________ | conduction block
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| Each little horizontal box ( 1 mm ) is the equivalent of how many seconds when the ECG is running at 25 mm/ sec? | .04 sec
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| A normal PR interval time is… | .12 to .20
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| A set of limb leads is…. | aVL, ll, and lll
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| For normocardia, the HR must be… | 60-100bpm
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