| Question | Answer |
| What is a Flattened Palate? | compromised swallowing
soft palate muscle seperates oral cavity from nasal cavity in swallowing |
| Palate Innervation | CN X - 4th branchial arch
CN XI
push food down |
| What two diseases affect swallowing? | Lou Gehrig's (ALS) - motor neuron
Myasthenia Gravis - myoneural junction |
| function of CN IX (stylopharyngeus) | pick food up |
| Muscle of the Pharynx | superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor |
| Dysphagia | problem swallowing |
| Swallowing Reflex | superior pharyns (CN IX)
-> brainstem -> CN X-palate up
seperate oral cavity from nasal cavity |
| Gag Reflex | stimulation of mucous membrane - upper pharynx sensory to superior pharynx (CN IX)
same reaction as swallowing - tongue down, pharynx contracts |
| Salivary Glands | Submandibular and sublingual (CN VII)
drainage to sublingual papillae |
| What is the largest salivary gland | parotid gland |
| What is the motor innervation of the parotid gland? | CN IX
parasympathetic preganglionic
parasympathetic postganglionic |
| where does the parotid gland drain to? | parotid duct
parallels the zygomatic arch
drains to oral cavity at level of 2nd upper molar |
| What is hiatal hernia? | herniation of the abdominal esophogus into thoraxic cavity |
| What are the 3 openings in the diaphragm? | esophagus
inferior Vena Cava
Descending abdominal Aorta |
| What is Sliding Hiatal hernia? | abdominal portion of esophagus + cardia of stomach + fundus of stomach -> thoraxic cavity
regurgitation of stomach content |
| What is Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia? | part of fundus of stomach herniates into diaphragm
no regurgitation
less common |
| Where is the Left Colic Flexure? | Descending Colon |
| Where is the head of the Pancreas located? | hook of the duodenum |
| What is Peritonitis? | inflammation of peritonuem - stomach lining
dangerous - fecal matter release |
| What is Peritoneal Adhesion? | interferes with movement of viscera
painful |
| Duodenum drainage | Gall Bladder -> Cystic Duct
Liver -> Common Hepatic Duct
Bile Duct = Cystic Duct + Common Hepatic Duct
Pancreatic Duct -> pancreas
Duodenal Papilla (opening) |
| What is Gall Stone | Cholesterol concretions
narrowest part of the biliary passages
found in hepatic and cystic ducts - sometimes pancreatic duct
difficult for enzymes to gain access to digest food |
| Portal Triad | Hepatic Artery
Bile Duct
Portal Vein = Splenic + superior mesenteric vein |
| Giant Cell Arteritis | Inflammation of Superior Mesenteric Artery due to internal elastic lamina (short posterior ciliary artiers)
superificial temporal artery affected |
| Referred Pain from Liver, Gall Bladder and Duodenum Nerves | Phrenic Nerves (C 3,4,5)
Superclavicular Nerve (C2,3,4) - shoulder |
| Diverticulitis | inflammation of sigmoid colon
peritonitis of lower left abdomen |
| Appendicitis | Pain in umbilicus area (T10) at vermiform appendix |
| Colitis | inflammation of colon and rectum
Ileostomy - opening between ileum and skin of anterior abdominal wall
colonscopy |
