| Question | Answer |
| Presbyopia | progressive weakening of accommodatoin with aging.
**Hardening of the lens |
| Hyperopia | Farsighted, can't see close up, only objects far away. |
| Myopia | Nearsighted, can't see far away, only objects close. |
| Pterygium | abnormal growth of conjunctiva from the conjuctiva/sclera union (limbus) over the cornea.
**UV light exposure |
| Nystagmus | Uncontrollable oscillation of the eye. |
| Mydriasis | Abnormally dilated pupils. |
| Miosis | Abnormally constricted pupils |
| Anisocoria | unequal pupils |
| Eyelids: Xanthelasma | Deposition of lipids on eyelids. Indicative of abnormal lipid metabolism. |
| Eyelids: Hordeolum | **STYE**
Infection of sebaceous gland at bas of eye lashes from staphylococci.
**Painful |
| Eyelids: Chalazion | Blockage of tarsal (meibomian) glands on the eyelid.
**Not painful |
| Eyelids: Ptosis | Drooping of upper eyelid. Congenital weakness of levator palpebrae muscle or CNIII damage. |
| What is eversion of the lower eyelid and what causes it? | Ectropion.
Causes:
1.Age-related tissue relaxation.
2.CN VII palsy.
3.posttraumatic or surgical change. |
| What is inversion of the lower eyelid and what causes it? | Entropion.
Causes:
1.Age-related tissue relaxation.
2.post infection/ posttraumatic change. |
| Arcus Senilis of the cornea | lipid deposition ring around the edge of the cornea. |
| Is it normal to see Arcus Senilis? | Yes in patients older than 60.
**Pts <40y/o could indicate lipid metabolism disorders |
| Exopthalmos | Bulging of eyes due to increased volume of orbital content.
**Consider retro-orbital tumor if unilateral |
| Strabismus | deviation of one eye out of position relative to the other eye. Pt cant focus both eyes at the same time. |
| How will a pt present with Horner's syndrome? | 1.Ptosis.
2.Miosis.
3.Anhydrosis.
**Sympathetics reversed. |
| Cataracts | Clouding of the lens leading to blurred vision. |
| Risk factors for cataracts | 1.Age.
2.corticosteriod use.
3.UV light exposure.
4.smoking.
5.diabetes mellitus |
| Extraocular muscle innervations | 1.Superior oblique: CN IV.
2.Lateral Rectus: CN VI.
3.ALL others: CNIII
**Testing obliques: adduct eyes in, down for superior oblique, up for inferior oblique. |
| Fundoscopic findings: Myelinated nerve fibers | ill defined margins around the optic disc. No visible pigment changes. |
| Fundoscopic findings: Papilledema | Optic disc loses definition and central vessels pushed outward due to increased intra-cranial pressure. Dilated veins. |
| Fundoscopic findings: Drusen Bodies | small yellow spots on the retina due to aging and macular degeneration |
| Fundoscopic findings: Glaucomatous optic nerve head cupping | Disc margins raised, lowered central area. BL vessels disappear over the edge of disc. Caused by increased intraocular pressure. Pt will lose peripheral vision.
**INCREASED cup to disc ratio |
| Fundoscopic findings: Cotton wool spots | Infarct areas associated with diabetic/hypertensive retinopathy. |
| Glaucoma | Increased intraocular pressure from build up of aqueous humor in anterior eye. Causes optic nerve damage. |
| Acute Glaucoma | Ophthalmologic emergency. opening b/w cornea and iris narrows causing rapid buildup of pressure.
**severely blurred vision, eye and head pain, nausea, vomitting, rainbow |
