| Question | Answer |
| transverse abdominus | a-compress abdominal contents
o-lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar aponeurosis, internal surface of last six ribs
i-abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba |
| rectus abdominus | a-flex vertebral column
o-pubic sympysis, pubic crest
i-cartilage of ribs 5, 6,7 and xyphoid process |
| external oblique | a-uni-flex v.column to same side, rotate to opposite side
bi-flex vertebral column, compress abdominal contents
o-lower 8 ribs
i-anterior part of iliac crest, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba |
| internal obilque | a-uni flex v.c to same side, rotate to same side
bi-flex vc, compress abdominal contents
o-lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar facia
i-internal surface of lower 3 ribs, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba |
| psoas major | a-flex hip, adduction, lat rotate
reverse-anterior pevic tilt, rotate lumbar vert to opposite side, laterally flex vertbrae to same side
o-tp of T12-L5, lateral aspect of bodies of T12-L5, and disks b/t T12-L5
i-lesser trochanter of femur |
| iliacus | a-flex hip, adduct hip, lat rotate
reverse-anterior pevlic tilt
o-internal iliac fossa
i-lesser trochanter of femur |
| diaphragm | a-draw central tendon down, increase volume of thoracic cavity to assist inspiration
o-costal-internal surface of lower 6 ribs
sternal-inner part of xyphoid process
lumbar-upper 2 or 3 lumbar vertebrae
i-central tendon |
| intercostals | a-ext-draw ribs up & out inspiration
int-draw ribs inferiorly during exhalation
o-inferior border of rib above
i-superior border of rib below |
| splenius capitis | a-extend h/n, lat flex h.n to same side, rotate h/n to same side
o-sp of C7-T3, lower part of nuchal ligament
i-mastoid process of temporal bone, lateral part of superior nuchal line |
| splenuis cervicis | a-extend h/n, lat flex h/n to same side, rotate h/n to same side
o-sp of T3-T6
i-tp of C1-C3 |
| serratus posterior superior | a-elevate ribs during inhalation
o-spinous process of C7-T3
i-posterior surface of ribs 2-5 |
| serratus posterior inferior | a-depress ribs during exhalation
o-sp of T12-L3
i-posterior surface of ribs 9-12 |
| muscles of breathing | diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, serratus posterior superior, pec minor, pec major, serratus anterior
expiration:diaphragm, int intercost, abdominals, serr post inf |
| erector spinae group | iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis |
| thoracolumbar aponeurosis | o-posterior sacrum, iliac crest, sp of T11&T12, sp of L1-L5 |
| spinalis | goes from sp to sp
extends from L2-C2
good at extending spine, not rotating or flexing |
| longissimus | has 3 sections
goes from sacrum & posterior iliac crest to C2 and mastoid process
extends, lat flex v.c to same side, rotates to same side
thickest of es group |
| iliocostalis | goes from sacrum & medial iliac crest to lower rib angles, lower rib angles to upper rib angles & tp of C7, upper rib angles to tp of C4-C6
strongest to perform lateral flexion |
| transversospinalis group | originate of tp and insert of sp of vert above
semispinalis-span 3-6 most vertical
multifidi-span 2-4
rotatores-span 1-2 most horizontal |
| semispinalis | extends from T10-occiput attaches to vertebrae except C1
thickest, strongest extender of v.c and head |
| multifidi | extend from sacrum and medial iliac crest to sp of C2
very thick on posterior aspect of sacrum good at extending and rotating |
| rotatores | goes from upper sacrum to sp of C2
good at rotating to opposite side
thickest at thoracic spine |
| transversospinalis group | semispinalis-thickest at neck
multifidi-thickest at sacrum
rotatores-thickest at thoracic
a-extend v.c, lat flex to same side, rotate to opposite side |
| quadratus lumborum | a-laterally flex v.c to same side, assists extension of v.c, hip hiker-lifts posterior iliac crest, fixes ribs in forced inhalation and exhalation
o-iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest
i-12th rib, tp of L1-L4 |
