| Term | Definition |
| Reformation | religious revolt against authority and doctrines of the Catholic church |
| What did Reformation do? | Western Europe - it shattered Catholic religous unity and led to Christian diversity |
| Political Causes of Reformation | rulers resented the church's courts and supremacy over civil authority. The Pope considered a foreign ruler unless you lived in Italy. |
| Economic Causes of Reformation | Rulers envied the Church's wealth, tithe was a heavy burden |
| Intellectual Causes of the Reformation | Renaissance contributed to Reformation; educators doubted church religious power and authority |
| Church Abuses: | worldliness, nepotism, simony, indulgences |
| Early Reform Attempts | Wycliffe (1328-1384) |
| Wycliffe | English priest - condemned the wealth and worldliness of the church |
| Wycliffe believed.... | the Bible was the highest authority |
| Wycliffe translated | Bible into English - people would guide themselves in religious matters |
| Wycliffe denounced... | the Pope, condemned heresy, and persecuted |
| JOHN HUS (1369-1415)
Early Reform attempt | * Czech leader who advanced Wycliffe's ideas
* Believed Christians should be able to read the Bible in their own language
* Questioned church's immorality and worldliness
* Excommunicated, arrested, and tried as a heretic
* Burned at the stake |
| ERASMUS (1466-1536)
Early Reform Attempt | *Dutch humanist
* Attacked Church abuses
* Remained a faithful Catholic
Pleas for reform went unheard |
| Martin Luther | * Law student at Erfurt
* Afterlife was important and always questioned
* Religious experience
* German monk and professor of theology - University of Wittenburg |
| 1517 | * Purgatory
* St. Peter's Basilica
* John Tetzel - German priest
* Offers indulgences to any Christian who can contribute money to rebuild the cathedral in Rome
* Purchases would assure early entry into Heaven for them and their dead relatives |
| Luther Attacks the church | * Condemns the sale of indulgences
* 95 Theses - argument against indulgences and statement of his beliefs/
nailed to the door of Wittenberg's All Saints church |
| Luther Attacks the church | * Copies are printed and distributed across Europe
* Faith alone ensures salvation not good deenot good deeds(justification by faith
Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages and permitted clergy to marry
* 1521 - Excommunicated by Pope Leo X |
| Other Protest Reformers | Ulrich Zwingli
John Calvin
John Knox |
| Ulrich Zwingli | Swiss priest taught that the Bible is the supreme religious authority - not the Pope |
| John Calvin | * French reformer who fled from France to Geneva, Switzerland
*Leading Protestant spokesman
* taught predestination - only the elect by God would achieve salvation
* Calvinisim would spread rapidly |
| John Knox | Scottish reformer and follower of Calvin
*Established Presbyterianism - official religion of Scotland |
| Luther's Reforms gain support | Printing press spread his writings throughout Germany
* German rulers/Princes welcomed revolt against Rome- weaken the Holy Roman Emperor
*Accepted his ideas based on a new religion - Lutheranism |
| Luther | Wrote catechisms and hymns "A Mighty Fortress is Our God" |
| Lutheranism | Spreads to Scandinavia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark converted to Lutheranism and established it as a state religion |
| Diet of Worms | Charles V - summons Luther to the diet (assembly)
* Luther was expecting to defend his writings
* instead, ordered to give them up - Luther refused
* Charles declared Luther an outlaw - it was a crime to give him food or shelter |
| Frederick the Wise | Translates Greek NT into German |
| Anglicanism in England 1527 | Henry VIII: |
| Henry VIII | * Once a good Catholic
* writes a document against Luther defending Catholic church
* Marries into the Hapsburg gamily - devout Catholics |
| Catherine of Aragon | Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter/Charles V Aunt
* Loved by the people of England; submissive
Problem: could not bare a son(6 pregnancies) |
| Mary: | only surviving child and English had never accepted a female monarch |
| Henry VIII believes dynasty is in trouble | Asks for an Annulment/Canon law
God's judgment married to Henry's brother who died |
| Mary | Renounce her title as Queen(married for 24 years) |
| Act of Supremacy 1534 | Pope says NO!
Henry - Can't stop me
Parliament issues Act of Supremacy
Henry is declared head of church of England
Dissolves all Catholic monasteries and sells the land - $$ |
| Anne Boleyn | Secret mistress of Henry VIII whom he marries in 1533 (Still married to C. Aragon)
*not liked by the people of England
*Manipulataive - gives birth to Elizabeth(future Queen of England)
*Henry becomes disinterested-not producing male heir |
| Anne Boleyn | *Lady in waiting - Jane Seymour
Accused of adultery , treason, and incest by Henry and is beheaded |
| Jane Seymour | Henry VIII's favorite
weds Jane 24 hours after Anne's execution(met her while visiting the Seymour home)
Gives birth to a son - Edward VI- dies 9 days later
Liked by the people
Not well-educated, but fairest and most discreet of all his wives |
| Jane Seymour | Henry wears black for 3 months and doesn't marry for 3 years
Only spouse buried with him in same tomb |
| Anne of Cleves | German princess "ugly wife"
Sent a painter to paint her portrait before he married her
"I like her, I like her not..."/n Divorced after 6 months
Declared his sister so she could gain $$ each year,
several manors and palaces, and did not have to retur |
| Catherine Howard | Lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves
FLirty, silly, graceful, charming
Never crowned Queen of England - wanted to make sure she could conceive a son
Involved in numerous affairs
Henry had her arrested - executed |
| Catherine Parr | Her 3rd marriage/ his 6th
20 years younger than Henry/widowed 2 times
Amazing stepmother to Mary, Edward, and Elizabeth
She encouraged Elizabeth I's education
Loved to debate theology, learned Greek and Latin |
| Catherine Parr | King's health declines in 1546 and he dies in 1547
She dies from childbirth at the age of 35 |
| Counter Reformation | Effective leadership
Council of Trent 1545-1563
Holy Inquisition
Society of Jesus |
| Results of Reformation | End of religious unity
Catholic:
Italy, France, Spain, Belgium, Ireland, Austria, Poland, Hungary
Protestant:
England, Scotland, Wales, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland |
| Results of Reformation | Strengthened Civil Authorities
State gained power
Confiscated church properties
Abolished Catholic courts
Assumed control over new Protestant churches |
| Results of Reformation | Religious Wars:
Civil War i n Germany
Civil Ward in France
Spanish Naval War against England(1588)
30 years war (1618-1648)
4 phases-Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French
Gustavus Adolphus -"Swedish Swords, French Funds" |
