| Question | Answer |
| Hydrolysis | use water to break apart
-cleave acid & heat (nonspecific) or protease (specific) |
| dehydration | form molecule & release water |
| hydrophobic | hate water |
| hydrophilic | like water |
| eicosanoids | -hormone, thromboxane, eukotrienes
functio: regulate blood pressure, body temp, smooth muscle contraction,
-transported via lipoprotein (VLDL,LDL,IDL,HDL) ↑ratio of lipid ↓protein density |
| Carbohydrate D vs L | D: hydroxyl group on 5-carbon in Fischer projection points to right
L: points to left |
| Carbohydrate Structure | Cn(H2O)n
-beta:alcohol UPWARD on anomeric carbon
alpha:alcohol DOWNWARD on anomeric carbon
anomeric carbon(C-1): C=OH
C-5 attacks C=O to form hexagon structure w/CH2OH at C-5 (glucose) |
| Carbohydrate | -store energy but not as much as lipids
-form polysaccharides via dehudration and monosaccharides via hydrolysis |
| Glycosidic linkages | linkages b/w sugars |
| ketose | sugar w/aldehyde as most oxidized group |
| aldose | sugar w/ketose as most oxidized group |
| epimer | carbohydrate differs at one chiral carbon |
| anomer | carbohydrate differs at anomeric carbon (C-1) |
| D-Fructose | CH2OH
│
C=O
│
HO-C-H
│
H-C-OH
│
H-C-OH
│
CH2OH |
| D-glucose | H-C=O
│
H-C-OH
│
OH-C-H
│
H-C-OH
│
H-C-OH
│
CH2OH |
| D-galactose | H-C=O
│
H-C-OH
│
OH-C-H
│
OH-C-H
│
H-C-OH
│
CH2OH |
| D-mannose | H-C=O
│
OH-C-H
│
OH-C-H
│
H-C-OH
│
H-C-OH
│
CH2OH |
| sucrose | glucose-α-1,2-fructose |
| lactose | galactose-ß-1,4-glucose |
| maltose | glucose-α-1,4-glucose |
| cellulose | plant cell wall fiber for humans |
| starch | energy storage for plants |
| glycogen | energy storage for animals |
| nucleotide | composed of a nitrogeneous base, a five carbon sugar (deoxy or RN) & a phosphate group
C2: H (DNA) or OH (RNA)
C1: place of attachment for A, T, U, G, C
C5: place of attachment for phosphate group |
| purine | guanine, adenine (two cyclic ring) |
| pyrimidine | cytosine, thymine, uracil (one cyclic ring) |
| how many H bonds b/w? | Guanine & cytosine 3H bonds
adenine & thymine/uracil 2H bonds |
| purines=pyrimidines | #A= #T = #U
#G = #C |
| 5'-3" direction | Top layer (parallel) 5"-3" direction
Bottom layer (antiparallel) 3'-5' direction |
| RNA | 1) carbon #2 -OH
2) Uracil instead of thymine
3) In cytoplasm & nucleus
4) single-stranded
5) mRNA (messneger)
rRNA ( ribosomal)
tRNA (transfer) |
| amino acid structure | H2N-CR-COOH |
| nonpolar aa | GAVLIFWMP |
| polar aa | STCYNQ |
| basic aa | DE |
| acidic aa | HRK |
| glycine | nonpolar
[Gly]
G
achiral
R=H |
| alanine | nonpolar
[Ala]
A
chiral
R=CH3 |
| valine | nonpolar
[Val]
V
chiral
R=HC-(CH3)2 |
| leucine | nonpolar
[Leu]
L
chiral
R=CH2-CH-(CH3)2 |
| Isoleucine | nonpolar
[ILE]
I
chiral
R=H-C-(CH2CH3)(CH3) |
| phenylalanine | nonpolar
[Phe]
F
chiral
R= CH2-(Benzene) |
| tryptophan | nonpolar
[Trp]
W
chiral
R= CH2-(indole group)
*look at slide |
| methionine | nonpolar
[Met]
M
chiral
R= CH2-CH2-S-CH3 |
| proline | nonpolar
[pro]
P
chiral
causes kinks since H bond can't form
HN-C-COOH
| |
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