Question | Answer |
Linguistics | the scientific study of language |
morphology | the study of the way in which words are constructed out of smaller meaningful units |
phonetics | the study of speech sounds |
phonology | the study of the smallest contrastive units of a language |
symmetry condition | in a two handed sign, if both hands move, they will have the same hand shape |
dominance condition | in a two-handed sign, if each hand has a different hand shape, then only the active/dominant hand can move |
7 Basic Passive Handshapes | B A S O C 1 5 |
Arbitrary Signs | the actual form of the sign does not represent the concept conveyed |
Iconic Signs | signs that resemble the concept that they represent (more pictorial) |
Onomatopoeia | the linguistic form of a word symbolizes the sound of the object or activity to which it refers |
Phonesthesia | a group of words that resemble each other and whose forms seem to reflect their meaning |
Duality of Patterning | the symbols of which a language is composed can be broken down into smaller parts |
Pragmatics | the meaning of a word or sentence depends on aspects of the context in which it is used |
Displacement | the features of a language that allow us to refer to different time periods |
what year was the first american school for the deaf founded? | 1817 |
What was the name of the first school for the deaf? | Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons |
What is the new name of the first school for the deaf? | American School for the Deaf |
Where was the first school for the Deaf founded? | Hartford, Connecticut |
Who founded the first school for the deaf? | Thomas Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc |
Why were english-based forms of ASL developed? | To help teach deaf children english (deaf education) |
Five Basic Parts of a sign (Parameters) | handshape, movement, location, orientation, non-manual markers |
conventions | agreed upon symbols |
stokoe method | []√C‡√Cvו |
minimal pair | signs that are identical in all parameters except one |
Liddell-Johnson Method | X M H M H |
Phonological Processes | the way in which the parts of signs interact with each other |
movement epenthesis | the process of adding a movement segment between two signs |
hold deletion | eliminates hold between movements when signs occur in sequence |
metathesis | the segments of a sign can change places without changing the meaning (deaf, congress, flower) |
assimilation | a segment of a sign takes on the characteristics of another segment near it |
morpheme | the smallest meaningful units of a language |
free morpheme | morphemes that can be produced as an independent unit |
bound morpheme | morphemes that must occur in conjunction with other morphemes |
reduplication | the process of repeating a movement, typically to change a verb to a noun |
affixation | the process of adding bound morphemes to other forms to create new units (such as prefixes and suffixes) |
first contact rule | in a compound sign, only the first contact of the sign is kept |
single sequence rule | the initial movement or the repetition of movement is eliminated in a compund sign |
weak hand anticipation rule | in forming a signed compound, often the weak hand will anticipate the second sign in the compound |
movement epenthesis | the adding of a movement segement between the parts of a comound sign |
hold deletion | in forming a compound sign, the noncontact holds between movements are eliminated |
assimilation | a segment of a compound sign takes on the characteristics of a sign near it |
compounding | combining two signs in order to create new meaning |
lexicalized fingerspelling | fingerspelled signs become sign-like |
loan signs | signs that are borrowed from other signed languages |
orthographic symbols | written english words |
articulatory function of space | the location of the sign provides no additional information, the space it uses is simply the space needed to produce it |
Phonological use of space | changing the location of the sign changes its meaning |
morphological use of space | space is used to show person and number (GIVE TO HIM) |
aspectual markers | space is used to show how something is done (giving continuously) |
referential use of space | a location in space may be associated with a nominal (noun) |
locative function of space | space provides information about the location of a person or object in a 3D framework, how something moves |
frame of reference | who's perspective the signing is from |
relative frame of reference | signer's own perspective is used |
intrinsic features | signs or classifiers show identifiable parts of a nominal (noun) |
absolute frame of reference | the signing is from no specific perspective (north is up) |
narrative perspective | a signer may take on the role of the characters |
plain verbs | verbs that are produced in a static location that cannot be altered without changing the meaning of the sign |
indicating verbs | verbs that move toward specific people, objects, or spatial locations |
depicting verbs | verbs that contain information related to action or state of being and convey information about aspects of meaning |
reciprocal verbs | two entities exchanging of something (they look at each other) |
locative verbs | the actual direction or location of the sign contains specific meaning |
intransitive verbs | verbs that do not allow objects |
transitive verbs | verbs that allow for objects |
ASL word order | SVO (subject, verb, object) |
word order, simple sentence, intransitive plain verb | SV (subject, verb)or subject, verb, pronoun or verb pronoun |
Topicalization | the topic or prominent information is placed at the beginning of the sentence |
predicate | the part of the sentence that says something about the noun or noun phrase |
productive classifier predicate | each part of the classifier has meaning and can be seperated |
lexicalized classifier predicate | a classifier that has become a sign, the parts of the sign no longer have independent meaning |
aspect | information contained in the predicate that tells us how the action of the predicate is done (never-ending, frequent, intense) |
derivational morphology | the process of making new units for the language |
inflectional morphology | the process of adding grammatical information to units that already exist (-s, -er) |
syntax aka grammar | the rules for making sentences |
lexical categories | verb, noun, adjectives, adverbs |
determiners | words or signs that modify nouns (the, a, an) (in ASL the use of pointing) |
auxiliary verbs | verbs that accompany other verbs or predicates and are used to add tense and aspect information (WILL, CAN, FINISH, MUST) |
prepositions | words that show the relationships between nouns and predicates |
what is the NMM for a yes-no question? | eyebrows raised (what type of question?) |
what is the NMM for a wh- question? | lowered eyebrows (what type of question?) |
QM wg | the question mark wiggle |
rhetorical questions (rhet) | questions that do not expect an answer, raised eyebrows |
How are commands (imperatives) glossed? | *SIT* |
conditionals (cond) | express a condition upon which the topics being discussed depend |
habitual time | signs that are changed to represent a habit (every monday) |
semantics | the study of the rule-governed ways in which languages structure meaning |
referential meaning | the idea, thing, or state of affairs described by a sentence or sign |
social meaning | signs provide information about the signer (gender, race, location) |
affective meaning | signs provide information about the signer's feelings, attitude, or opinions about a piece of information |
denotation | the dictionary definition of a word |
connotation | the feelings associated with a word |
lexicon | the collection of words or signs that a person knows |
lexical items | the individual words that a person knows |
hyponyms | the items in a category |
hypernym | the broad category |
part/whole relationship | two signs that are a part of each other, not an item in a category |
synonymy (synonyms) | two signs or words that mean the same thing |
antonymy (antonyms) | two words or signs that have opposite meanings |
converseness | pairs of signs that have a resemblance to each other and a relationship (WIFE, HUSBAND) |
gradation | altering some feature of an existing sign instead of adding a whole new sign (half-dead) |
metaphor | an extension of the use of a word or sign beyond its primary meaning |
orientational metaphors | metaphors that rely on spatial information |
ontological metaphors | metaphors that treat abstract entities, states, and events as though they were objects (climbing out of debt) |
structural metaphors | metaphors that treat one concept in the terms of a more tangible concept (time is money) |
semantic role | how sentences show who did what to whom, with whom, and for whom |
sociolinguistics | the study of the interrelationship of language and social structure |
communicative competence | someone who know a language well has this |
variation in language | people have different ways of saying the same thing |
historical change | the old and new form of a sign may co-exist for a while, but the old sign may disappear over time |
morphosyntactic variation | the process of the dropping of the subject pronoun with verb that typically require a subject (FEEL, KNOW, LIKE) |
register variation | the language that is appropriate for certain situations |
code-switching | happens when a bilingual person is using one language and then changes to another language |
foreign talk | a native user simplifies their own language to compensated for a foreigner |
interference | when a bilingual person unconsciously uses parts of one language in another language |
lexicalized mouthing | ASL mouth configurations that resemble their english words |
contact signing | the result of contact between english and ASL, containing features of both |
types of stories in deaf culture | ABC stories, Numerical Stories, Classifier Stories, Percussion Song, Drama |