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NIC Linguistics
Terms from the ASL Linguistics Book
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Linguistics | the scientific study of language |
| morphology | the study of the way in which words are constructed out of smaller meaningful units |
| phonetics | the study of speech sounds |
| phonology | the study of the smallest contrastive units of a language |
| symmetry condition | in a two handed sign, if both hands move, they will have the same hand shape |
| dominance condition | in a two-handed sign, if each hand has a different hand shape, then only the active/dominant hand can move |
| 7 Basic Passive Handshapes | B A S O C 1 5 |
| Arbitrary Signs | the actual form of the sign does not represent the concept conveyed |
| Iconic Signs | signs that resemble the concept that they represent (more pictorial) |
| Onomatopoeia | the linguistic form of a word symbolizes the sound of the object or activity to which it refers |
| Phonesthesia | a group of words that resemble each other and whose forms seem to reflect their meaning |
| Duality of Patterning | the symbols of which a language is composed can be broken down into smaller parts |
| Pragmatics | the meaning of a word or sentence depends on aspects of the context in which it is used |
| Displacement | the features of a language that allow us to refer to different time periods |
| what year was the first american school for the deaf founded? | 1817 |
| What was the name of the first school for the deaf? | Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons |
| What is the new name of the first school for the deaf? | American School for the Deaf |
| Where was the first school for the Deaf founded? | Hartford, Connecticut |
| Who founded the first school for the deaf? | Thomas Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc |
| Why were english-based forms of ASL developed? | To help teach deaf children english (deaf education) |
| Five Basic Parts of a sign (Parameters) | handshape, movement, location, orientation, non-manual markers |
| conventions | agreed upon symbols |
| stokoe method | []√C‡√Cvו |
| minimal pair | signs that are identical in all parameters except one |
| Liddell-Johnson Method | X M H M H |
| Phonological Processes | the way in which the parts of signs interact with each other |
| movement epenthesis | the process of adding a movement segment between two signs |
| hold deletion | eliminates hold between movements when signs occur in sequence |
| metathesis | the segments of a sign can change places without changing the meaning (deaf, congress, flower) |
| assimilation | a segment of a sign takes on the characteristics of another segment near it |
| morpheme | the smallest meaningful units of a language |
| free morpheme | morphemes that can be produced as an independent unit |
| bound morpheme | morphemes that must occur in conjunction with other morphemes |
| reduplication | the process of repeating a movement, typically to change a verb to a noun |
| affixation | the process of adding bound morphemes to other forms to create new units (such as prefixes and suffixes) |
| first contact rule | in a compound sign, only the first contact of the sign is kept |
| single sequence rule | the initial movement or the repetition of movement is eliminated in a compund sign |
| weak hand anticipation rule | in forming a signed compound, often the weak hand will anticipate the second sign in the compound |
| movement epenthesis | the adding of a movement segement between the parts of a comound sign |
| hold deletion | in forming a compound sign, the noncontact holds between movements are eliminated |
| assimilation | a segment of a compound sign takes on the characteristics of a sign near it |
| compounding | combining two signs in order to create new meaning |
| lexicalized fingerspelling | fingerspelled signs become sign-like |
| loan signs | signs that are borrowed from other signed languages |
| orthographic symbols | written english words |
| articulatory function of space | the location of the sign provides no additional information, the space it uses is simply the space needed to produce it |
| Phonological use of space | changing the location of the sign changes its meaning |
| morphological use of space | space is used to show person and number (GIVE TO HIM) |
| aspectual markers | space is used to show how something is done (giving continuously) |
| referential use of space | a location in space may be associated with a nominal (noun) |
| locative function of space | space provides information about the location of a person or object in a 3D framework, how something moves |
| frame of reference | who's perspective the signing is from |
| relative frame of reference | signer's own perspective is used |
| intrinsic features | signs or classifiers show identifiable parts of a nominal (noun) |
| absolute frame of reference | the signing is from no specific perspective (north is up) |
| narrative perspective | a signer may take on the role of the characters |
| plain verbs | verbs that are produced in a static location that cannot be altered without changing the meaning of the sign |
| indicating verbs | verbs that move toward specific people, objects, or spatial locations |
| depicting verbs | verbs that contain information related to action or state of being and convey information about aspects of meaning |
| reciprocal verbs | two entities exchanging of something (they look at each other) |
| locative verbs | the actual direction or location of the sign contains specific meaning |
| intransitive verbs | verbs that do not allow objects |
| transitive verbs | verbs that allow for objects |
| ASL word order | SVO (subject, verb, object) |
| word order, simple sentence, intransitive plain verb | SV (subject, verb)or subject, verb, pronoun or verb pronoun |
| Topicalization | the topic or prominent information is placed at the beginning of the sentence |
| predicate | the part of the sentence that says something about the noun or noun phrase |
| productive classifier predicate | each part of the classifier has meaning and can be seperated |
| lexicalized classifier predicate | a classifier that has become a sign, the parts of the sign no longer have independent meaning |
| aspect | information contained in the predicate that tells us how the action of the predicate is done (never-ending, frequent, intense) |
| derivational morphology | the process of making new units for the language |
| inflectional morphology | the process of adding grammatical information to units that already exist (-s, -er) |
| syntax aka grammar | the rules for making sentences |
| lexical categories | verb, noun, adjectives, adverbs |
| determiners | words or signs that modify nouns (the, a, an) (in ASL the use of pointing) |
| auxiliary verbs | verbs that accompany other verbs or predicates and are used to add tense and aspect information (WILL, CAN, FINISH, MUST) |
| prepositions | words that show the relationships between nouns and predicates |
| what is the NMM for a yes-no question? | eyebrows raised (what type of question?) |
| what is the NMM for a wh- question? | lowered eyebrows (what type of question?) |
| QM wg | the question mark wiggle |
| rhetorical questions (rhet) | questions that do not expect an answer, raised eyebrows |
| How are commands (imperatives) glossed? | *SIT* |
| conditionals (cond) | express a condition upon which the topics being discussed depend |
| habitual time | signs that are changed to represent a habit (every monday) |
| semantics | the study of the rule-governed ways in which languages structure meaning |
| referential meaning | the idea, thing, or state of affairs described by a sentence or sign |
| social meaning | signs provide information about the signer (gender, race, location) |
| affective meaning | signs provide information about the signer's feelings, attitude, or opinions about a piece of information |
| denotation | the dictionary definition of a word |
| connotation | the feelings associated with a word |
| lexicon | the collection of words or signs that a person knows |
| lexical items | the individual words that a person knows |
| hyponyms | the items in a category |
| hypernym | the broad category |
| part/whole relationship | two signs that are a part of each other, not an item in a category |
| synonymy (synonyms) | two signs or words that mean the same thing |
| antonymy (antonyms) | two words or signs that have opposite meanings |
| converseness | pairs of signs that have a resemblance to each other and a relationship (WIFE, HUSBAND) |
| gradation | altering some feature of an existing sign instead of adding a whole new sign (half-dead) |
| metaphor | an extension of the use of a word or sign beyond its primary meaning |
| orientational metaphors | metaphors that rely on spatial information |
| ontological metaphors | metaphors that treat abstract entities, states, and events as though they were objects (climbing out of debt) |
| structural metaphors | metaphors that treat one concept in the terms of a more tangible concept (time is money) |
| semantic role | how sentences show who did what to whom, with whom, and for whom |
| sociolinguistics | the study of the interrelationship of language and social structure |
| communicative competence | someone who know a language well has this |
| variation in language | people have different ways of saying the same thing |
| historical change | the old and new form of a sign may co-exist for a while, but the old sign may disappear over time |
| morphosyntactic variation | the process of the dropping of the subject pronoun with verb that typically require a subject (FEEL, KNOW, LIKE) |
| register variation | the language that is appropriate for certain situations |
| code-switching | happens when a bilingual person is using one language and then changes to another language |
| foreign talk | a native user simplifies their own language to compensated for a foreigner |
| interference | when a bilingual person unconsciously uses parts of one language in another language |
| lexicalized mouthing | ASL mouth configurations that resemble their english words |
| contact signing | the result of contact between english and ASL, containing features of both |
| types of stories in deaf culture | ABC stories, Numerical Stories, Classifier Stories, Percussion Song, Drama |
Created by:
lmkarst08
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