Question | Answer |
Where are specialized cells found? | specialized cells are found in tissues. |
What is the function of the nucleus? | cell's control center. |
Describe animal cells. | lacks cell wall and chloroplasts |
Describe plant cells. | has cell wall and chloroplasts |
Describe bacteria cells. | lacks membrane covered organelles |
How do electron microscopes work? | electrons are sent over the surface of an object. |
How do light microscopes work? | magnify an object by bending the light passing through them |
What is resolution? | another term for sharpness of an object |
Why was the invention of the microscope important? | people were able to observe cells |
What type of cells did Leewenhoek observe? | water teeth scrapings and gum scrapings |
Why is water important to cells? | many chemical reactions could not happen without water |
Why are enzymes important to cells? | protein that speeds up chemical reactions |
Define element. | any substance that cannot be broken down into smaller pieces |
Define compound. | two or more elements combined chemically |
all organic compounds have what element? | carbon |
what are starches made from? | carbon hydrogen oxygen |
Define diffusion. | main method by which small molecules move across the cell membrane |
Define osmosis. | diffusion of water |
Define active transport. | things moving in and out of a cell using energy |
Define passive transport. | things moving in and out of a cell using no energy |
Types of active transport. | active and passive |
what causes cancer? | damaged dna |
How many types of cancer? | over 100 |
treatments for cancer? | radiation surgery and drugs |
what factors cause cancer? | the damaged dna causes the cell cycle to go too fast and cells replicate before it is time and a tumor is caused |
what happens in cancerous cells? | they replicate too fast |
what are tumors? | a mass of cells that divides uncontrollably |
what is photosynthesis? | a process by which a cell uses sunlight for energy |
how do the raw materials get into the plants' cells? | sunlight is captured and combined with water and co2 to produce sugars |
what are the products of photosynthesis? | sugar and oxygen |
how does photosynthesis benefit heterotrophs? | plants get eaten by heterotrophs. |
how does sunlight energy get captured for photosynthesis? | chloroplasts absorb sunlight |
what is respiration? | cells break down simple food molecules and use their energy |
where is most energy released during respiration? | mitochondria |
how is respiration related to photosynthesis? | the raw materials of one are the products of the other |
how do respiration and photosynthesis affect the levels of oxygen in the air? | respiration uses oxygen and photosynthesis creates it |
how do respiration and photosynthesis affect the levels of carbon dioxide in the air? | photosynthesis uses co2 and respiration creates it |
what is fermentation? | an energy releasing process that uses no oxygen |
what are the two types of fermentation? | alchoholic and lactic acid |
where does fermentation occur? | muscles |
when does fermentation occur? | when oxygen does not get to the muscles fast enough |
what is the cell cycle? | the regular sequence of growth and division in cells |
what is the order of the steps in the cell cycle? | interphase mitosis cytokinesis |
which steps are a part of mitosis? | prophase metaphase anaphase telophase |
define mitosis. | the stage where the nucleus splits |
define centromere. | holds two chromatids together |
define chromatids. | each identical rod in a chromosome |
what is the structure of dna? | a twisted ladder |
what bases make up dna? | adenine guanine cytosine thymine |
what is a mutation? | where a base pair is substituted added or deleted |
when are mutations harmful? | when it reduces an organism's chance of survival or repruduction |
what are chromosomes made of? | condensed double rods of chromatin |
what determines the genetic code? | the order of the nitrogen bases |
what is copied during replication? | dna |
what are chromatids? | each identical rod in a chromosome |
how are dna and rna different? | there is no thymine in rna instead there is uracil |
where does protein synthesis occur? | on the ribosomes |
what is the job of mrna? | copies the coded message |
what is the job of trna? | carries amino acids to the ribosomes |
what does the order of the bases determine? | genetic code |
define alleles. | different forms of a gene |
define traits. | different forms of a characteristic |
define dominant. | overpowering |
define recessive. | hidden when dominant was present |
define probability. | number that describes likeliness |
define homozygous. | someone who has two of the same genotype |
define heterozygous. | someone who has two different genotypes |
define genotype. | the dna code |
define phenotype. | the physical appearance |
define hybrid. | heterozygous |
define purebred. | homozygous |
define genes. | factors that control a trait |
what did mendel do in his experiments? | he crossbred pea plants |
what happens during meiosis? | a process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to create sex cells |
what did sutton learn about sex cells? | he learned half the chromosomes were in sex cells |
how much genetic material does each sex cell contribute to the offspring? | half |
what is the chromosome theory of inheritance? | genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes |
what is the function of the cell wall? | protect and support plant cell. |
what is the function of the cell membrane? | controls what comes in and out of cell |
what is the function of the nuclear envelope? | protects nucleus. |
what is the function of the chromatin? | help nucleus control cell. |
what is the function of the nucleolus? | is where ribosomes are made. |
what is the function of the mitochondria? | they convert the energy in the food into energy the cell can use to carry out functions. |
what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? | carries proteins around the cell. |
what is the function of the ribosomes? | produce proteins. |
what is the function of the golgi bodies? | receive proteins, package them and distribute them. |
what is the function of the chloroplasts? | capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell. |
what is the function of the vacuoles? | storage area. |
what is the function of the lysosomes? | break down certain materials in cell. |