Question | Answer |
The traditional term used to denote a number of subcortical nuclear masses within the cerebral hemisphere? | Includes corpus striatum with caudate nucleus and lentiform (with putamen and globus pallidus) amygdaloid complex and claustrum.
AKA - Basal Nuclei |
What are the three parts of the corpus striatum? | globus pallidus
putamn
caudate nucleus |
Oldest part of corpus striatum from phylogenetic point of view? aka... | globus pallidus
paleostriatum (pallidum) |
Neostraitum or the more recent parts of corpus striatum | putamen
caudate nucleus |
The putamen comes from the neostriatum. The globus pallidus arises from the pallidum. Together they form what? | Lentiform nucleus |
The clinical and function definition of basal nuclei includes what? | corpus straitum
subthalamic nucleus (in diencephalon)
substantia nigra (in midbrain) |
Three problems that arise from a lesion in the basal nuclei? | akinesia - poverty of voluntary movement
rigidity
dyskinesias - purposeless, involuntary movt. |
What is an example of poverty of voluntary movement? | infrequent blinking of parkinson's patients |
What has a head the forms a prominent bulge in the lateral wall of the frontal (anterior) horn of lateral ventricle? | body of structure is located superolateral to thalamus and forms lateral wall of body of lateral ventricle
corpus striatum |
What is the path of the tail of the caudate nucleus? | passes inferiorly then anteriorly in temporal lobe, follow roof of temporal (inferior) horn of lateral ventricle |
What is the tip of the tail of the caudate nucleus related to? | amygdala |
What lies lateral to caudate nucleus and thalamus? | lentiform nucleus |
What separates the lentiform nucleus laterally from the caudate nucleus and thalamus? | large bundle of fibers connecting cerebral cortex with subcortical structures (projecting fibers) of the Internal Capsule |
The lentiform nucleus is a combination of what two structures? | putamen
globus pallidus |
Where is the lateral medullary lamina found? | lateral part of lentiform nucleus is separated from globus pallidus by thin layer of white matter |
Anteriorly and inferiorly the putamen becomes continuous with an area associated with the limbic system. What? | connection with the head of caudate is known as nucleus acumbens |
What is located medial to putamen in the lentiform nucleus | globus pallidus |
what are the parts of the globus pallidus? What is the thin layer of white matter that separates them? | external = lateral
internal = medial
medial medullary lamina |
What is the thin lamina of gray matter located lateral to putamen? | claustrum |
What lies lateral to claustrum | insular cortex |
The 2 layers of white matter surrounding the claustrum are known as what | external and extreme capsules |
What are the three types of white matter in the cerebral hemispheres | association fibers
commissural fibers
projection fibers |
Which fibers connect cortical areas within same cerebral hemisphere? | association fibers |
What fibers connect adjacent gyri | short association fibers |
What fibers form bundless connection more distant areas of cerebral cortex | long association fibers |
what is the long association fiber bundle that located deep to cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus connecting them | cingulum |
what connects temporal and occipital cortical areas | inferior longitudinal fasciculus |
What connects frontal and temporal cortical areas | uncinate fasciculus |
what LAFB is located in the core of the cerebral hemisphere connecting frontal, parietal and occipital cortical areas | superior longitudinal fasciculus |
What LAFB connects frontal and temporal cortical areas (sometimes considered part of superior longitudinal fasciculus) | arcuate fasiculus |
what long association fiber bundle runs through the temporal lobe and connects frontal and occipital cortical areas | inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus |
what LAFB is located between putamen and claustrum | external capsule |
What LAFB is located between claustrum and insular cortex | extreme capsule |
What fibers run from one cerebral hemisphere to the other, connecting functionally related areas? | Commissural Fibers |
What are the 3 types of Commissural fiber bundles (CFB) | corpus callosum
anterior commissure
hippocampal commissure (commisure of fornix) |
The largest bundle of commissure fibers | corpus callosum |
The fiber bundle with a rostrum, genu, body and spleenium | corpus callosum |
Corpus callosum fibers interconnecting frontal lobes loop through genu to form? | minor (frontal) forceps |
Corpus callosum fibers interconnecting occipital lobes loop through splenium to form | major (occipital) forcep |
What commissural fibers are located anterior to column of fornix to interconnect parts of frontal and temporal lobes | anterior commissure |
What is the thin layer of commissural fibers, inferior to splenium of corpus callosum that extends from on crus of fornix to the other? | hippocampal commissure |
What is another name for hippocampal commissure? | commissure of fornix |
What does Soneira liken to a mustache in a slice of brain? | anterior commissure |
The fibers that connect cerebral cortex with subcortical structures? | Projection fibers |
Two Types of projection fibers | corticofugal - efferent
corticopetal - afferent |
projection fibers that carry impulses away from the cortex | terminate in corpus striatum, thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord = corticofugal |
projection fibers that carry impulses toward the cortex | originate predominantly from thalamus - thalamocortical fibers = corticopetal |
How are the projection fibers organized | large compact bundle of fibers forms the internal capsule |
What is medial to the internal capsule | thalamus and caudate nucleus |
What is lateral to the internal capsule | lentiform nucleus |
Why is Micheal so nice to me? | He is nice to everyone, you are nothing special. |
What is the orientation of the internal capsule in horizontal sections of the cerebral hemispheres? | angulated |
What would a horizontal section of internal capsule include: | anterior limb, genu, posterior limb, sublenticular limb, retrolenticular limb |
The part of the internal capsule located between head of caudate (medially) and lentiform nucleus (laterally) | anterior limb |
What are the fibers connecting dorsomedial thalamic nuclei with prefontal cortex? | frontpontine fibers of anterior limb |
What are the fibers connecting anterior thalamic nuclei with cingulate gyrus | anterior thalamic radiations of anterior limb |
What level is the genu of the internal capsule found | interventricular foramen between anterior and posterior limbs |
What is in the genu of the internal capsule | corticonuclear (corticobulbar)fibers |
Posterior limb of the internal capsule contains: | corticospinal fibers
pareitopontine fibers
central thalamic radiations
other corticofugal fibers
retrolenticular limb
sublenticular limb
corona radiata |
What is the posterior limb of the internal capsule medial to... | lentiform nucleus |
What is the posterior limb of the internal capsule lateral to... | thalamus |
central thalamic radiations are fibers that connect ventral lateral and ventral posterior thalamic nuclei with | motor and somatosensory areas of cerebral cortex |
What are the other corticofugal fibers in the posterior limb of the internal capsule | corticorubal and corticoreticular |
Why is the posterior limb of the internal capsule clinically important | most frequent site for cerebral hemorrhage |
What limb in the internal capsule contains occipitopontine fibers and optic radiations | retrolenticular limb which is posterior to lentiform nucleus |
What are the optic radiations in the retrolenticular limb of the internal capsule | fibers running from lateral geniculate to primary visual cortex |
What are the fibers of the retrolenticular limb called? | geniculocalcarine fibers |
What limb fibers are inferior to to the lentiform nucleus | sublenticular limb |
Where do the fibers of the sublenticular limb travel | from medial geniculate nucleus to primary auditory cortex |
Which limb of the internal capsule carries fibers for the optic tract | retrolenticular limb |
Which limb of the internal capsule carries fibers for the auditory cortex | sublenticular limb |
What forms the corona radiata of the internal capsule? | superior to caudate nucleus adn putamen, fibers of internal capsule flare out into cerebral hemisphere |
What is the little brother of the corticospinal tract | corticonuclear fibers |
What tract is organized in somatotropic representation? | corticospinal tract runs arms, truck, legs |
What is the last step before fibers bend back to enter occipital lobe | optic radiations from lateral geniculate body |
Internal Capsule
Fibers of the: anterior limb | frontopontine fibers
anterior thalamic radiations |
Internal Capsule
Fibers of the: Genu | corticonuclear fibers |
Internal capsule
fibers of the: Posterior limb | corticofugal fibers
central thalamic radiations
corticospinal fibers
parietopontine fibers |
Internal Capsule
Fibers of the:Sublenticular Limb | Auditory radiations
Temporopontine fibers |
Internal Capsule
Fibers of the: Retrolenticular Limb | Optic Radiations
Occipitopontine fibrs |
What does calcarine mean? | spur - like on a devil rooster |
What structures should be present to ensure we are at the posterior limb in a slice? | thalamus and no butterfly shape or small caudate, should also see inferior horn of lateral ventricle |
If you do not see lateral ventrical where is the slice | Anterior |
For the examine be able to identify in cross section: fig 5.5? | note to self on fig 5.5 |