Name | Description |
Negative Feedback | change in opposite direction |
Negative Feedback by Nervous System | reverse stimulus --> return to set point |
Negative Feedback by Endocrine System | Blood Glucose |
Blood Glucose Set Point | 90 mg glucose/100 ml blood |
Glucose too high | insulin (from pancreas) stores glucose as glycogen |
Glycogen | glucose stored in pancreas |
Glucose too low | Glucagon (from pancreas) releases glucose from storage |
Glucagon | releases glucose from pancreas |
Positive Feedback | change in same direction = increase stimulus |
Positive Feedback in Cardiovascular System | Blood Clotting - chemicals attract more platelets and clot forms |
Positive Feedback in Reproductive System | labor contractions - baby's pressure in birth canal --> release of hormone oxytocin --> more contractions |
Oxytocin | hormone release to increase contractions |
Homeostatic Imbalance | disease (pathology) |
Pathology | deviation from a healthy or normal condition |
Anatomical Position | body erect; arms at sides; palms forward; feet together |
Superior | toward head/upper part |
Inferior | away from head/lower part |
Anterior | toward front |
Posterior | toward back |
Medial | toward midline |
Lateral | away from midline |
Intermediate | between medial and lateral |
Proximal | closer to body's axis |
Distal | farther from body's axis |
Superficial | toward surface |
Deep | away from surface/more internal |
Axial | head/neck/trunk |
Appendicular | limbs/appendages |
Sagittal | vertical cut; divides left and right |
Midsagittal | median; exact midline |
Parasagittal | off from midline |
Frontal (Coronal) | vertical cut; divides anterior and posterior |
Transverse | horizontal; divides superior and inferior |
Oblique | diagonal cut |
Dorsal Cavity | cranial and vertebral (spinal) |
Cranial Cavity | brain/skull |
Vertebral Cavity | vertebral column/spinal cord |
Ventral Cavity | thoracic and abdominopelvic |
Thoracic Cavity | pleural and pericardial |
Pleural Cavity | 2 lung cavities |
Pericardial Cavity | around heart with esophagus and trachea |
Abdominopelvic Cavity | abdominal and pelvic |
Abdominal Cavity | stomach/intestines/spleen/liver |
Pelvic Cavity | bladder/rectum/reproductive organs |
Visceral Organs | internal organs |
Diaphragm | breathing muscle; seperates thoracic and abdominopelvic |
Serosa | double layer membrane |
Parietal layer | covers cavity wall |
Visceral layer | covers organs |
Serous fluid | lubrication between membranes |
Parietal Pericardium | wall of pericardial cavity |
Visceral Pericardium | covers heart |
Parietal Pleura | walls of thoracic cavity |
Visceral Pleura | covers lungs |
Parietal Peritoneum | walls of abdominopelvic cavity |
Visceral Peritoneum | covers organ in abdominopelvic cavity |
Oral Cavity | mouth |
Nasal Cavity | nose |
Orbital Cavity | eyes |
Synovial Joints Cavity | several joints |
9 Regions of Abdominopelvic | umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric, iliac or inguinal, lumbar, and hypochondriac |
Umbilical | middle center |
Epigastric | top center |
Hypogastric | bottom center |
Iliac or Inguinal | right and left bottom |
Lumbar | right and left middle |
Hypochondriac | right and left top |
4 Quadrants of Abdominopelvic | RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ |