Question | Answer |
FSH is secreted in a __ manner | Pulsatile |
Estrogen has a __ feedback on FSH | Negative |
How do the ovaries respond to FSH | Produce estradiol |
LH stimulates __ | Ovulation |
Levels of FSH are __ in primary gonadal failure (castration, alcoholism) | Elevated |
Levels of FSH are __ with secondary gonadal failure (stress, malnutrition/anorexia, severe illness, hyperprolactemia, pregnancy) | Low |
How is FSH measured in the urine | 24 hour collection |
LH is secreted in a __ manner | Pulsatile |
LH stimulates __ | Follicular production of estrogen, ovulation and formation of corpus luteum |
LH levels are __ with gonadal failure, precocious puberty, pituitary adenoma, menopause, PCOS | Elevated |
LH levels are __ with pituitary failure, hypothalamic failure, severe stress, anorexia, malnutrition, severe illness, pregnancy, hemochromatosis, sickle cell anemia, hyperprolactemia | Low |
Estrogen has a __ feedback on LH release | Negative |
LH surge indicates __ | Ovulation |
What is required to stimulate ovulation | LH |
What is the best time to obtain single specimen to determine LH level | 11am-3pm |
Physiologically most important type of estrogen | Estradiol |
What is the major estrogen present in pregnancy | Estriol |
Corpus luteum produces __ after ovulation | Progesterone |
What produces progesterone in pregnancy | Progesterone |
What effect does progesterone have on the endometrium | Induces glandular secretion |
When are progesterone levels decreased | Preeclampsia, threatened abortion, placental failure, fetal demise, ovarian neoplasm, amenorrhea, ovarian hypofunction |
Levels of progesterone rise rapidly after __ | Ovulation |
Levels of progesterone continue to rise for __ after ovulation then decrease after menses occurs | 6-10 days |
Estrogen causes __ of endometrial glands | Proliferation |
What are the three major estrogens | Estradiol, estrone, estriol |
Levels of estrogen are elevated with what | Precocious puberty, ovarian tumor, adrenal tumor, gonadal tumor, normal pregnancy, cirrhosis, liver necrosis, hyperthyroidism |
Levels of estrogen are low with what | Failing pregnancy, turner’s syndrome, hypopituitarism, hypogonadism, stein-leventhal syndrome, menopause, anorexia |
Estrogen has a negative feedback on __ | LH and FSH |
How is day one of the menstrual cycle determined | First day of menses |
Estrogens are catabolized by the __ | Liver |
What is the major estrogen circulating during menopause | Estrone |
What is the estrogen produced in the placenta, and is an index of fetal well-being | Estriol |
How can estrogen be measured in the lab | Serum, urine, salivary |
Which estrogen is measured to determine menstrual and fertility problems, menopause status, and sexual maturity | Estradiol |
Which estrogen is measured in serial studies in pregnancy beginning 28-30 weeks gestation | Estriol |
When a woman stops having periods what is the first thing to check | Pregnancy |
Why would you perform a testosterone assay | Evaluate ambiguous sex characteristics, precocious puberty, female virilization syndromes, tumor markers, hirsutism, male infertility/hypogonadism, monitor antiandrogen treatment |
What role does FSH play in the menstrual cycle | Promotes maturation of germinal follicle, causing estrogen secretion and allowing ovum to mature (follicular phase) |
Increase in FSH begins approximately __ days before onset of menstruation and is necessary for follicle/ovum formation | 2 |
In a state of estrogen deficiency, __ FSH is secreted | More |
Plasma LH surge proceeds ovulation by __ | 24-36 hours |
LH surges by day__ of normal 28 day cycle | 11-13 |
What happens to FSH and LH during luteal phase | They are suppressed to low levels |
Progesterone initiates the __ phase in the endometrium | Secretory |
What happens to progesterone if fertilization and implantation do not occur | Production diminishes rapidly |
Corpus luteum has a lifespan of __ days unless pregnancy occurs | 13-14 |
Stimulation test done to evaluate the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis | Progesterone withdrawal test |
What situations cause a surge in prolactin | Breast stimulation, pregnancy, nursing, stress, exercise, sleep |
Levels of prolactin are elevated in what pathologic disorders | Pituitary adenomas, secondary amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hypothyroidism, PCOS, anorexia, paraneoplastic syndromes, disease of hypothalamus and pituitary stalk, renal failure |
Levels of prolactin should be measured __ hours after waking | 3-4 |
__ have a higher baseline level of prolactin | Pregnant women |
When do prolactin levels naturally rise | Late in pregnancy, initiation of lactation, every time the infant suckles |
Concentration of hCG are typically lower in __ | Ectopic pregnancies |
__ is unique to the developing placenta and some tumors | hCG |
Monoclonal antibodies can detect very small levels of hCG __ after conception | 3-7 days |