| Term | Definition |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Military leader who seized power in France |
| Coup d'etat | A sudden takeover of a government |
| Napoleon's Education Reforms | Created schools that helped more people of the middle class get an education and made financial aid a possibility for those who worked hard and were intelligent |
| Napoleonic Code | Complete set of laws set up by Napoleon that eliminated many injustices |
| Hundred Days | Napoleon’s last bid for power, which ended at Waterloo |
| Meritocracy | A society that rewards and promotes individuals who are good at their job rather than just those who have titles and connections |
| Waterloo | Battle in Belgium that was Napoleon’s final defeat |
| Concordant | An agreement |
| Congress of Vienna | Meetings in Vienna for the purpose of restoring order to Europe |
| Klemens von Metternich | Key leader at the Congress of Vienna |
| Balance of Power | Condition in which no one country becomes a threat to the other |
| Legitimacy | Bringing back to power the kings that Napoleon had driven out. |
| Conservative | People who supported the monarchy |
| Liberals | People who wanted to give more power to elected legislatures |
| Nationalism | Belief that a person’s loyalty belongs to the nation itself instead of to the nation’s ruler |
| Revolutions of the 1830s | Revolts in Greece, Belgium, and Poland |
| Revolutions of 1848 | Revolts in Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. |
| Count Camillo di Cavour | Prime minister who unified northern Italy |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Leader of the Red Shirts who won control over parts of southern Italy |
| Italy | United into one country through the efforts of Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi. |
| Otto von Bismark | Leader who worked to expand Prussia |
| Prussia | Leading state of the German confederation. |
| Realpolitk | Tough, practical politics. All means of maintaining power are justified. |
| Franco-Prussian Wars | This war was instigated by Otto Von Bismarck to encourage the southern German states to join with the north. |
| Kaiser | German Emperor |
| 1870 | The year Italy became a united country. |
| Emmanuel II | The King of Sardinia-Piedmont who would rule a united Italy. |
| Wilhelm I | The first Kaiser of a united Germany. |
