Question | Answer |
Normal appearance | clear |
normal color | amber yellow |
normal odor | aromatic |
normal pH | 4.6-8.0 avg 6.0 |
normal protein ___ mg/dL | 0-8 |
normal protein ___ mg/24 hr at rest | 50-80 |
normal protein ___ mg/24 hr during exercise | <250 |
normal specific gravity adult | 1.005-1.030 |
normal specific gravity elderly | values decrease with age |
normal specific gravity newborn | 1.001-1.020 |
normal leukocyt esterase | negative |
normal nitrates | none |
normal ketones | none |
normal bilirubin | none |
normal urobilinogen ___ Ehrlich unit/mL | 0.01-1 |
normal crystals | none |
normal casts | none |
normal glucose (fresh specimen) | none |
normal glucose (24 hr)___mg/day | 50-300 |
normal glucose (24 hr)___mmol/day (SI units) | 0.3-1.7 |
normal WBC ___ per low-power field | 0-4 |
normal WBC casts | none |
normal RBC's | < or = 2 |
normal RBC casts | none |
____ infection may cause green urine | Pseudomonas |
patients with ____ may have the strong sweet smell of acetone | diabetic ketoacidosis |
Bacteria, UTI, or a diet high in citrus fruits or vegetables may cause | increased urine pH |
starvation, dehydration, or a diet high in meat products or cranberries may cause | decreased urine pH |
to prevent or treat urinary calculi from xanthine, cystine, uric acid, and calcium oxalate urine pH should be kept | alkaline |
to treat urinary calculi from calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and magnesium phosphate urine pH should be kept | acidic |
the combination of proteinuria adn edema is known as | nephrotic syndrome |
probably the most important indicator of kidney disease | proteinuria |
proteinuria in pregnant women can indicate | preeclampsia |
a measure of the concentration of particles in the urine | specific gravity |
used to evaluate the concentrating and excretory powers of the kidneys | specific gravity |
high specific gravity indicates | concentrated urine |
low specific gravity indicates | dilute urine |
when a person is dehydrated one can expect the specific gravity of that person to be abnormally | high |
Positive results indicate UTI | leukocyte esterase |
is a screening test for identification of UTI's | nitrites |
Nitrite test is about ___% accurate | 50 |
leukocyte esterase is about ___% accurate | 90 |
_____ is usually associated with poorly controlled diabetes | ketonuria |
can be present in the following conditions; alcoholism, fasting, starvation, high protein diets, isopranol ingestion | ketonuria |
may occur in acute febrile illnesses, especially in infants and children | ketonuria |
obstruction of a bile duct by a gallstone will lead to | elevated urine bilirubin |
bilirubin in the urine will color it | dark yellow or orange |
by themselves, crystals cause no symptoms until | they form stones |
stones only produce symptoms when they | obstruct the urinary tract |
crystals may indicate | the formation of a renal stone |
occur in the urine of patients with parathyroid abnormalities or malabsorption states | phosphat and calcium oxalate crystals |
clumps of materials or cells that form in the renal distal and collection tubules, where material is maximally concentrated | casts |
for ___ to form the pH must be acidic and the urine concentrated | casts |
conglomerations of protein and are indicative of proteinuria, a few may be present after strenuous exercise | hyaline casts |
sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, BUN, creatinine, glucose, GFR | components of the chem 7 at Duke |
normal sodium ____ mmol/L | 135-145 |
normal potassium ____ mmol/L | 3.2-4.8 |
normal chloride ____ mmol/L | 98-108 |
normal carbon dioxide ____ mmol/L | 21-30 |
normal urea nitrogen ___ mg/dL | 7-21 |
normal creatinine ___ mg/dL | 0.7-1.4 |
increased BUN is called | uremia |
decreased renal blood flow | prerenal uremia |
urea backed up into blood from lower urinary obstruction | postrenal uremia |
diseases or toxicities that affect glomeruli, renal microvascular or tubules | renal uremia |
proportional to muscle mass, usually higher in men than women | serum creatinine |
stable in health at a ratio of 1:10 | BUN:creatinine ratio |
lower in liver disease, starvation, acute tubular necrosis | BUN:creatinine ratio |
Higher (with normal Cr) in prerenal uremia, high protein diet, GI bleed | BUN:creatinine ratio |
Higher (with high Cr is called “azotemia”) in renal disease & failure | BUN:creatinine ratio |
can be caused by preeclampsia, multiple myeloma, temperature extremes, fever, exercise, position, stress | proteinuria |
main cause of glycosuria | diabetes |
product of fat breakdown | ketones |
product of hemoglobin breakdown | bilirubin |
a few hyaline casts on urinalysis is | normal |
RBC casts | acute glomerulonephritis |
WBC casts | acute pyelonephritis |
epithelial casts | tubular necrosis |
granular casts | nephrotic syndrome, pyelonephritis |
waxy casts | tubular atrophy, renal failure |
bacterial casts | pyelonephritis |
fatty casts | proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome |
___ can be estimated by blood level of creatinine | GFR |
___ indicates level of kidney function | GFR |
___ calculations do not apply in acute situations or in patients on dialysis | GFR |