Term | Definition |
medial malleolus | distal end of the tibia with a concave surface an a medial projection |
lateral malleolus | distal end of the fibula with the lateral projection |
talus | above the calcaneus where the tibia meets |
calcaneus | heel bone |
sustentaculum tali | medial calcaneus under talus |
navicular bone | in front of talsus |
3 cuneiform bones | medial side (make up transverse arch) |
cuboi bone | lateral side |
5 metatarsals | long, skinny |
styloid process | of 5th metatarsal |
14 phalanges | toe bones, 2-5 have 3 phalanges = proximal, middle, and distal |
sesamoid bones (2) | only under 1st metatarsal phalangeal joint |
hallux (big toe) | 1st metatarsal, contains on 2 phalanges |
digiti minimi | 5th metatarsal, also know as the "pinky toe" |
medial arch | made up of 3 medial metatarsals: the cuneiform, the navicular, and the calcaneous |
lateral arch | made up of 2 lateral metatarsals: the cuboid and the calcaneus |
transverse arch | made up of the tarsal bones in the midfoot and the metatarsals |
pes planus (flat footed) | a decrease or loss of medial arch |
pes cavus (high-arched foot) | an abnormally high arch |
ideal standing | half of the weight is on the big toe and the other half is evenly distributed amongst the other 4 |
primary restriction of movement in the ankle and foot | is due to the ligaments in the foot |
ankle joint | formed between the bones of the lower leg and the upper portion of the talus |
subtalar joint (tarsus joint) | formed between the inferior portion of the talus and the superior portion of the calcaneus |
deltoid ligament | also known as the Medial Collateral Ligament, is compose of 4 parts that fan out from their attachment on the medial malleolus to their respective attachments on the supportive bone |
deltoid ligament function | prevents forward or backward displacement of the tibia/talus an is vital for providing medial support to the ankle joint |
4 components of the deltoid ligament | tibiocalcaneal, anterior tibiotalar, tibionavicular, and posterior tibiotalar ligament |
tibiocalcaneal ligament | runs downward from the medial malleolus to attach onto the medial aspect of the calcaneus |
anterior tibiotalar ligament | runs diagonally downward from the medial malleolus to attach onto the talus |
tibionavicular ligament | runs diagonally forward from the medial malleolus to attach onto the navicular |
posterior tibiotalar ligament | runs diagonally downward and backward from the medial malleolus to attach onto the talus |
lateral collateral ligament | composed of 3 descrete bands that connect to the lateral malleolus with ajacent bones of the foot: anterior talfibular ligament (ATFL), posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL), and calcaneofibular ligament |
transverse tarsal joint (tarsus joint) | combination of the talonvicular and the calcaneocuboid joints |
talonavicular joint | between the talus and navicular, modified ball and socket joint |
calcaneocuboid joint | between the calcaneus and cuboid, gliding joint |
metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP) (toe joint) | formed between the heads of the metatarsal bones an the adjacent proximal phalanges |
interphalangeal joints (IP) (toe joint) | formed between the adjacent phalanges |
pronation | the combo of abduction and eversion often associate with dorsiflexion of the ankle |
supination | the combo of adduction and inversion often associated with plantar flexion of the ankle |
plantar fascia | very strong and inelastic band of connective tissue locate in the sole of the foot |
retinaculum | thickened bands of connective tissue that are located around the ankle and foot that help hol the tendons in place and keep them from bowing forward across the front of the ankle or sliding in front of the medial or lateral malleolus |