Question | Answer |
What is differentiation? | the process of transformation into a different cell type |
What is determination? | when a cell is specified to differentiate into another type |
What is commitment | the point when a cell must differentiate into another type so that it looses the ability to differentiate into any other cell types |
When can determination and commitment occur? | before or after differentiation |
What are differentiated cells? | specialized cells with limited or no ability to transofrm into other cell types |
What are undifferentiated cells? | cells that have not transformed into a specialized cell type |
What are specialized cell types? | cells with distinctive morphological characteristics and/or molecular processes. |
What id dedifferentiation | for a specialized cells to trasnform into a cells specialized cell type |
What is anaplasia? | dedifferntiation to an embryonic cell type |
What is metaplasia? | Transformation of one differentiated cell type into another |
What is neoplasm? | abnormal, new growth |
What is totipotency | ability to differentiate into any cell type |
What are examples of totipotency? | germ line, gametes, zygotes and early blastomeres |
What are pluripotency and multipotency | ability to differentiate into multiple cell types |
What are examples of pluripotency and multi potency? | hemopoietic cells and fibroblases |
When is pluripotency used? | for less differentiated cells |
What are stem, precursor or progentior cells? | cells that differentiate into other cells types |
What are blastomeres? | early embryonic cells |
What are blast cells | stem cells from any embryonic stage |
What is mesenchyme | loosely organized blast cells from all 3 germ layers |
What is autonomous specialization? | intracellular signals that control differentiation |
What is intercellular induction? | signals between cells controlling cellular differentiation |
What are hormones? | non-nutrient molecules secreted by a cell to induce a response in another cell |
What are growth factors? | hormones that control growth and development |
What are characteristics of differentiated cells? | Specialized structures and/or features
Slow or arrested cell cycle
Impaired ability to transform into other cell types |
Is differentiation an all or nothing process? | no. Some cells are more differentiated than others |
What is an example of different levels of differentiation? | zygote < hemopoitic cell < leukocyte |
The more differentiated a cell is, the _________ the ability to regenerate. | lower |
What are examples of differentiated cells that have virtually no ability to regenerate and why? | nerve and muscle because they are SO specialized they can't be regenerated |
What are examples of differentiated cells that are able to regenerate and why? | skin and liver because they are not highly specialized. |