Question | Answer |
What is the parasympathetic innervation to the lungs | Vagus Nerve |
What does parasympathetic innervation cause in the lungs | bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, secretion |
What runs along with the parasympathetic innervation | Affferent fibers for pain and stretch |
Whats does the sympathetic innervation to the lungs cause | Bronchodialation, vasoconstriction, secretion inhibition |
What are the lungs overall innervated by | Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexi (located at root of lungs) |
What does the sinus venosus give off | Superior and inferior vena cavas |
What does the superior vena cava come from | cardinal vein |
What does the inferior vena cava come from | right vitelline vein |
What is the function of the primitive heart tube | helps dispurse blood to surrounding tissue |
The right sinus horn eventually forms a connection with what other heart strucutre | right atrium |
What does the truncus arteriousus eventually form | ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk |
Right and left atria are formed by the forming of how many sphincters | TWO |
Which sphincter forms first | Septum primum |
Which direction does this grow | superior to inferior |
As the septum primum reaches the endocarial cushion, what happens | It appoptoses to form the ostium primum |
What is the second septum to form | Septum secundum |
What is created in the septum secundum in order to allow blood to still flow between atria | Foreman ovale |
What eventually happens to the septum primum and septum secundum | They fuse, blocking off blood flow between atria |
What is the structure created by the septum's called in the adult form | Fossa Ovalis |
What divides the ventricles from atria and from each other | Endocaridal cushions |
What are the TWO steps to remodeling of the atrioventricular canals and outflow tracts | 1) Align corresponding right and left ventricles2) Bring truncus arterious in line with forming left ventricle |
The fusion of what structure seperates the pulmonary valve from the aortic valve | Bulbar ridges |
Name three of the major factors that cause heart/blood flow problems | Septal defects (blood flowing through septums), sphincter defects (faliure to open or close) and vessel size (too small or big) |
What is PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus) | normally occurs in fetal life, and allos blood to mix between the pulmonary vascular system and aorta |
What is coarctation of the aorta | When the aorta becomes narrow or constricted |
What are the FOUR factors/problems in Hypoplastic Left HEart Syndrome | 1) Coarctation of Aorta/Mitral Vlave fusion2) Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)3) Small left ventricle4) Atrial Septal Defect |
What are the abnormalities found in Tetraolgy of Fallot | - Narrow outflow of right ventricle/pulmonary stenosis- Right ventricle hypertrophy- Interventricular Septal Defect- Overriding aorta |
What are the two shunts that route blood away from the pulmonary circulation in the fetus | - Interatrial shunt- Ductus Arteriousus |
Describe the route of fetal blood | Oxygenated blood --> umbilical vein --> ductus arteriosus --> IVC --> R. Atrium --> L. Atrium --> L. Ventricle --> Ascending Aorta ---(DEOXYGENATED BLOOD)---> SVC --> R. Atrium --> R Ventricle --> Pulmonary trunk --> ductus arteriosus --> descending aorta |
At birth, what causes the closing of the interatrial shunt | Left atrial pressure |
What does the constricted ducuts arteriosus become atr birth | ligamentum arteriosum |
When the umbilical vein is clamped, what happens | Pulmonary vasculature opens and flow from plancenta is closed (this causes rise is left atrial pressure |