Question | Answer |
When did expansion take place ? | 1400-1500 |
why did the Iberia Kingdoms explore | history with muslims, and had advanced ships and cannons |
Why did the Italians choose not to explore | monopolized the mediteranean trade since the roman empier |
who was the first to explore Portugal or spain | Portugal |
who is prince harry | the navigator
captured N. Africa city ceuta
imporved compass, cannons, astorbal
sagress institution of navigation |
Carvel | new ship invented for atlantic |
How did the Portuguese earn their finance | off of African and Saharan trade
order of Christ
profits in 1400s : slaves and gold |
Vasco de gama | went from w.africa to india |
When did the Spanish start exploring | 1492 |
Treaty of tordesillas | line of demarcation made by the pope |
Ferdinad Magella | portugeuse claims phillipenes |
In the 15 century who did west Africa trade with | Portugal gold for firearms |
Oba of Benin | in 1538 closed the market to portugese |
Kongo depended on | slave trade had nothing else in western Africa |
Eastern Africa | didn't trade slaves traded of swalij coast |
Ethopia and Portugal | took out muslims
religious loyalty: both Christian had to obey pope |
Indian ocean trade was | hostile to Portugal |
Vasco gama conqured | Calicut in 1498
goa 1510
Malacca 1511
Macao 1557 |
Portuguese regulations | cant buy anything |
How were the porttugese when conjuring | aggressive |
Mughal vs ottomans | india ( didn't fight) vs Muslim turks ( fought ) |
Portugal conqured what | broke the Italian monopoly on pepper |
How did the Spanish conquer | diseasl and gun |
Arawk | hispanida ( hati) gold |
antillies | carribean
Christian control like muslim of spain |
Herman corted | conqured aztectx with small pox |
Fransico Pizzaro | conqured with small pox |
why were Africans and Asian not cinqured | pop
disease didn't effect
better to trade |
In carribean | council of indies
church and state had no sepration |
New laws of 1542 | how much land you can control |
Atlantic system in Africa | 1550- 1800 |
Spanish economy | silver
plantation ssugar |
French and English economy | tobacco
Led to : indentured servants, chartered companies |
Why did west indian colonies move away from tobacco to sugar | virgina monopolized tobacco |
Dutch in the Americas | developed efficient ways to produce sugar
Dutch west indies company |
Portugues in 1654 | conqured brazil
resulted in Dutch spreading info |
What caused shift from indentured servants to slaves | more profitable
European stoped making contracts with west/ east indies but to N America |
Tech for sugar | simple but expensive neededing more plantation |
Enviroment because of sugar | deforestation, soil exhaustion, arawk and caribeans died off |
West Indian societys | wealth land owners then slaves |
Slave life | specialized - in two tasks
quotas- # they must harvest
sunday- didn't work tried to make Christian |
Slave rebeliions | tack in Jamaica 1760
resulted : took away slave freedom |
Saint domingue | hati
gropus:
1. Great whites
2.Little whites
3. free blacks |
manumission | pourpsley sending slaves free |
maroons | slaves that ran away
produced most of the free blacks |
Monopoly of colonial trade | Portugal and spain
inefficient because couldn't control from far |
capitalism | ability to privately own resources.land, higher workers for profit |
merchanism | main goal was to increase a nation's wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nation's commercial interests |
Merchantilism on capitalism | banks, insurances, joint stock companies, |
merchantilism on merchantilism | dutch west indian company companies founded by the gov |
1652- 1678 | angol (England)/ French vs dutch |
Slave trade in 17th century | chartered ( gov had some say) |
slave trade in 18th century | private |
Europe colonization on Africa | none
had to honor trading customes |
Gold slave coast | dahomey, oyo, asanate |
How were slaves conqured | prisoners of war |
Portugues got slaves | from angola
angola started to drought used illegal people |
Islam used slaves as | soilders servants and sex slaves |
Dutch owned what in Africa for slaves | cape colony |
Muslims dominace in | N. Africa ottomans
spread fast in south saharah |
Trabsformation in Europe | 1500-1750 |
1500 Catholic Church Prosperity | Problem : people couldn't read the bible clergy takes advantage of |
German monk martin luther | exposes church by the 95 theses
started his own church Lutherians |
Jhon Calvin | started own church
strict Christian ways
predestination- decied if your going to heaven or hell |
What 3 Christians religions don't like each other | calviness, Lutheran/protestant, catholic |
What are other reasons to join the Lutherans | 1.guranteed political power since not connected with the pope
2. not supporting Italy |
Catholic reformation | council of trent: meeting with clergy to reinvent the catholic church |
Society of jesus or jesusists | missionaries led to spread in Americas |
in 1638 | protestant reformation led to religious wars in Europe |
What was europes traditional thinking | concepts based on judeu-christian beleifs, superstisions, belief in super natural causes
which hunts in 1500 and 1600 |
Hetorcy | going against religion |
What was the European idea of natural world | due to religion,god
4 light elements |
Copernicus | earth centered model
Christian opposition
spread in books
he didn't believe this model |
Galieo | telescope agreed with Copernicus |
Newton | gravity |
absolutism | king or queen has all authority w. Europe |
European gov was influenced by | Chinese philosuphers
war vs. education |
who sparked the enlightment | French and English |
reformation | religious tolerance |
who was in opposition during enlightment | absolutist rulers and clergy men |
The bourgeoisie | upper middle class
china = gentry |
why was their urban growth 1500-1700 | stock market |
What bourgeoisie thrived in | manufacturing, finance, trade (grain)
Holland- Netherlands and amseterdam spoke dutch |
Netherlands | highest growing bourgesois |
Monarch and bourgeoisie | good relationship |
what was the key role of the anglo-dutch war | oversea trade |
from bourgeois to nobility | marriage or purchase |
what religion was of the dutch | protestant |
serfdom declined and increased where | declined in w. Europe
increase in e.europe and Russia |
what contributed to boost in Europeans economy | new world crops |
High consumption of wood led to | deforestation , move new worlds crops= soil exhaustion |
Women status now | close to men
common people and bougesois married late because of availability to get edu
no unviersities for women |
state development was done by | Spanish= catholic |
spanished king ruled | spain and Portugal and Austrian hepsburg ( Netherlands) |
costant warfare | protestant and ottoman empier |
Spanish rule was split how | spain was ruled by king Philip 2 and Austrian hepsburg had another ruler |
king Philip 2 | ruled spain, believes with god, eco based on silver from peru |
spain and france defended against | protestants and jews |
Henry 8 king of England | catholic, wanted a divorce so made a new church
church of England (Anglican church) |
calvanist resitance | in Scotland ( Christian) |
England gov | parliament vs king |
parlment are | protestant |
queen Elizabeth | protestant |
tuter family line | copperated with parliament |
stauurt line | dosent cooperate with parliament goes to war |
oliver Cromwell | protestant becomes new leader, no monarch, or parliament till he dies
staurt line restored still dosent agree |
glorious revolution 1688 | newgov: constiual monarchy
William and mary new hand picked king and quuen from Scotland to England
signs bill of rights
parliament will have ultimate power |
France gov | absolutist gov by bourbon kings
Louis xIV |
Versailles | new capital of france |
What led to military revolution | religion and land
protestants vs catholics |
Millitary revolution led to | increase in size, maintatined standard armies except emgland |
Management of armies | command structures, signal techniques, marching skills |
Navy technology | cannons
English royal navy vs spains armada
English becomes most powerful |
France has | best armie and biggest |
England has | best navy and biggest |
balance of culture | a culture were they didn't allow a country to get to powerful
only in Europe |
war of Spanish succession | alli between spain and france |
England Austria Prussia vs france | stop spain and france alli |
Alli with commercial elites | spain makes allis with bougeoisi |
Netherlands vs. spain | for independence
spain looses control over Netherlands |
Holland | commercial intrest |
Amsterdam | craftsmen |
England vs. Dutch | for territory over sea
England could collect taxes effecintly |
France taxing | oversea taxing couldn't collect |
equistian | catholic church to punish hertants ( non-Christians |
Gunpowder empiers | ottoman, Mughal,Safavid |
Ottoman empier | 1300-1922
largest and longest empire |
expansion of the ottoman | in NW Antolia then fought against catholics got Siberia and constanople , eygpt and Syria were added
Iran was border |
sultant Suleiman the magnificent | 1520-1566 ruled during ottomans peak |
Ottoman fought venice | to get control of the mediteranean for tribute |
ottoman relationship with other muslims | distant
muslim requested help against portugese and didn't help |
How were ottoman and muslims diff in slavery | ottomans slaved anyone |
Ottoman janissaries | captured Christian boys for soilders |
dev shirme | program used for janissaries
boys learned from turk family achieved political status |
Ottoman cosmopolitan society | centralized
askeris- high ranking soilder taxfree
vizier- local rulers
raya ( pack of sheep) payed taxes dependent |
religious diversity | in 1492 spain migration of religion |
Battle of lepanto in 1571 | under the rule of sultan eat safavids but lost to Christians |
Why did ottoman military start to decrease | janissaries are to expensive landholding Turkish cavalry decrease
silver an economy inflation spain depends on silver |
rebellion in antolia | because of lack of money, military readiness decreased since jenarssaries went to busness and enrolled sons |
Changes in ottoman instiutions | secluded sultan and chief adminastors are away
devsharmie discontinued
rural areas land grants are now tax fams |
ottoman trade decreased | europes increased
Asian spices are biggest product |
Tulip period (1718-1730) | luxury goods were a priority
traded with Europe |
patrona halil rebellion | ignore sultan
showed weakness of central empire |
Mughal empire (1526-1761) | established by Turkic warrior Babur and Akbar |
Akbar | centralized administration
non hedietary kand to his military and political
muslim |
Akbar gave | peace to northern heartland and war to hindus and rebels to souther afghans |
Trade in Mughal | boomed |
Mughal conquest of india | 75 % were hindu |
Sikh | religion formed in the Mughal empire combines muslin hindu and zorastinasim |
Akbar reconciliation | marrys hindu, decreases tax on hindu, creates new religion divine faith , reduces legal discrimination for muslims on hindus |
Mughal empire declined | land granted system- given to high officals
couldn't embrace conqured colonies
rise of regional power
weak rulers |
as Mughal declined | rise in independent states
nawab- regional leaders prosperous but couldn't defend Europe |
joseph Dupliex | took over as nawab from Europe
left open door for Europe involment |
SE asia kingdoms transformed | from the mecca and medina
cities- traditional
rural- non traditional |
Muslim ruled | Swahili coast but not inner asia |
Portuguese conqured what in Africa | swahli except malind |
the better organized dutch | drove portugues out of Malacca |
dutch couldn't monopolize spices | moved to coffee and wood |
China dynasty in order | shang, Zhou, quing, han,sui, tang, song, uan, ming, and quing (Manchu) |
North Eurasia | 1500- 1800
japan, china, Russia |
Daiymo | japans wealthy land owners |
Shogunate | most powerful person |
Tokugawa shogunate | 1603-1800 most powerful family
diminished the ashikaga with portugese fierarms |
Japan gov | decentralized local rulers lead to urban
figurehead in Kyoto |
Edo | made transportation new capital
made rodes to contact emperor
rice became currency |
Smuris | became weaker introduction of weapons, |
japan merhcants | inreases |
Japan contact with Europe | mostly Portuguese was limited after Jesuits |
Jesuits in 1500s | limited success in turning catholic were banned in 1649 |
dutch influence on japan | learned tech and language
liked dutch because didn't spread religion |
Japan trade with asia | korea, Okinawa, Taiwan. china, Se asia |
outerlords | merchants who traded with Europe
wealthy |
Japan population | outskirts were wealthier, trade increases |
47 ronin 1702 | displays civil law centralized over military |
Ming declined in 1644 because | economy, no tech improments, climate hurts crops, inflation on silver, low pop growth |
Ming collapse | border threats- mongol confederation, Korean allies china helped
Japanese pirates
local rebelions |
Lizicheng | held rebelions that overthrew ming and Manchu Quing |
Quing empire | ruled by Manchu family but majority was Chinese |
Chinese trading | limited access with Portuguese,spanish, and dutch |
biggest European trading company | dutch east indian ecompany |
Quing developed marked points fro trade why | china gets payed when foreiners want to sell
city of canton |
Lord macartney | tried to undermine the canton system worsen |
china population | increased because of new crops
environment: deforestation erosion
poltians cant control pop |
Russian empier | made allaimce with quing to weaken mongol
isolated Europe then embraced |
Russian society | diverse lead to conflict |
Russian politics | nobles overthrew muscorite and replaced with romanor family serfdom increases |
peter the great | rommanor family, caused westernization, great norther war wth Swedish gets access with W, europw |
results in Russia | great embassy
broke noble power
politics control church
improve military
increased serfdom
eastern orthodoz, realist ruler |
Catherine the great | largest land empire |
Russia and japan | improved in military |