| Question | Answer |
| When did expansion take place ? | 1400-1500 |
| why did the Iberia Kingdoms explore | history with muslims, and had advanced ships and cannons |
| Why did the Italians choose not to explore | monopolized the mediteranean trade since the roman empier |
| who was the first to explore Portugal or spain | Portugal |
| who is prince harry | the navigator
captured N. Africa city ceuta
imporved compass, cannons, astorbal
sagress institution of navigation |
| Carvel | new ship invented for atlantic |
| How did the Portuguese earn their finance | off of African and Saharan trade
order of Christ
profits in 1400s : slaves and gold |
| Vasco de gama | went from w.africa to india |
| When did the Spanish start exploring | 1492 |
| Treaty of tordesillas | line of demarcation made by the pope |
| Ferdinad Magella | portugeuse claims phillipenes |
| In the 15 century who did west Africa trade with | Portugal gold for firearms |
| Oba of Benin | in 1538 closed the market to portugese |
| Kongo depended on | slave trade had nothing else in western Africa |
| Eastern Africa | didn't trade slaves traded of swalij coast |
| Ethopia and Portugal | took out muslims
religious loyalty: both Christian had to obey pope |
| Indian ocean trade was | hostile to Portugal |
| Vasco gama conqured | Calicut in 1498
goa 1510
Malacca 1511
Macao 1557 |
| Portuguese regulations | cant buy anything |
| How were the porttugese when conjuring | aggressive |
| Mughal vs ottomans | india ( didn't fight) vs Muslim turks ( fought ) |
| Portugal conqured what | broke the Italian monopoly on pepper |
| How did the Spanish conquer | diseasl and gun |
| Arawk | hispanida ( hati) gold |
| antillies | carribean
Christian control like muslim of spain |
| Herman corted | conqured aztectx with small pox |
| Fransico Pizzaro | conqured with small pox |
| why were Africans and Asian not cinqured | pop
disease didn't effect
better to trade |
| In carribean | council of indies
church and state had no sepration |
| New laws of 1542 | how much land you can control |
| Atlantic system in Africa | 1550- 1800 |
| Spanish economy | silver
plantation ssugar |
| French and English economy | tobacco
Led to : indentured servants, chartered companies |
| Why did west indian colonies move away from tobacco to sugar | virgina monopolized tobacco |
| Dutch in the Americas | developed efficient ways to produce sugar
Dutch west indies company |
| Portugues in 1654 | conqured brazil
resulted in Dutch spreading info |
| What caused shift from indentured servants to slaves | more profitable
European stoped making contracts with west/ east indies but to N America |
| Tech for sugar | simple but expensive neededing more plantation |
| Enviroment because of sugar | deforestation, soil exhaustion, arawk and caribeans died off |
| West Indian societys | wealth land owners then slaves |
| Slave life | specialized - in two tasks
quotas- # they must harvest
sunday- didn't work tried to make Christian |
| Slave rebeliions | tack in Jamaica 1760
resulted : took away slave freedom |
| Saint domingue | hati
gropus:
1. Great whites
2.Little whites
3. free blacks |
| manumission | pourpsley sending slaves free |
| maroons | slaves that ran away
produced most of the free blacks |
| Monopoly of colonial trade | Portugal and spain
inefficient because couldn't control from far |
| capitalism | ability to privately own resources.land, higher workers for profit |
| merchanism | main goal was to increase a nation's wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nation's commercial interests |
| Merchantilism on capitalism | banks, insurances, joint stock companies, |
| merchantilism on merchantilism | dutch west indian company companies founded by the gov |
| 1652- 1678 | angol (England)/ French vs dutch |
| Slave trade in 17th century | chartered ( gov had some say) |
| slave trade in 18th century | private |
| Europe colonization on Africa | none
had to honor trading customes |
| Gold slave coast | dahomey, oyo, asanate |
| How were slaves conqured | prisoners of war |
| Portugues got slaves | from angola
angola started to drought used illegal people |
| Islam used slaves as | soilders servants and sex slaves |
| Dutch owned what in Africa for slaves | cape colony |
| Muslims dominace in | N. Africa ottomans
spread fast in south saharah |
| Trabsformation in Europe | 1500-1750 |
| 1500 Catholic Church Prosperity | Problem : people couldn't read the bible clergy takes advantage of |
| German monk martin luther | exposes church by the 95 theses
started his own church Lutherians |
| Jhon Calvin | started own church
strict Christian ways
predestination- decied if your going to heaven or hell |
| What 3 Christians religions don't like each other | calviness, Lutheran/protestant, catholic |
| What are other reasons to join the Lutherans | 1.guranteed political power since not connected with the pope
2. not supporting Italy |
| Catholic reformation | council of trent: meeting with clergy to reinvent the catholic church |
| Society of jesus or jesusists | missionaries led to spread in Americas |
| in 1638 | protestant reformation led to religious wars in Europe |
| What was europes traditional thinking | concepts based on judeu-christian beleifs, superstisions, belief in super natural causes
which hunts in 1500 and 1600 |
| Hetorcy | going against religion |
| What was the European idea of natural world | due to religion,god
4 light elements |
| Copernicus | earth centered model
Christian opposition
spread in books
he didn't believe this model |
| Galieo | telescope agreed with Copernicus |
| Newton | gravity |
| absolutism | king or queen has all authority w. Europe |
| European gov was influenced by | Chinese philosuphers
war vs. education |
| who sparked the enlightment | French and English |
| reformation | religious tolerance |
| who was in opposition during enlightment | absolutist rulers and clergy men |
| The bourgeoisie | upper middle class
china = gentry |
| why was their urban growth 1500-1700 | stock market |
| What bourgeoisie thrived in | manufacturing, finance, trade (grain)
Holland- Netherlands and amseterdam spoke dutch |
| Netherlands | highest growing bourgesois |
| Monarch and bourgeoisie | good relationship |
| what was the key role of the anglo-dutch war | oversea trade |
| from bourgeois to nobility | marriage or purchase |
| what religion was of the dutch | protestant |
| serfdom declined and increased where | declined in w. Europe
increase in e.europe and Russia |
| what contributed to boost in Europeans economy | new world crops |
| High consumption of wood led to | deforestation , move new worlds crops= soil exhaustion |
| Women status now | close to men
common people and bougesois married late because of availability to get edu
no unviersities for women |
| state development was done by | Spanish= catholic |
| spanished king ruled | spain and Portugal and Austrian hepsburg ( Netherlands) |
| costant warfare | protestant and ottoman empier |
| Spanish rule was split how | spain was ruled by king Philip 2 and Austrian hepsburg had another ruler |
| king Philip 2 | ruled spain, believes with god, eco based on silver from peru |
| spain and france defended against | protestants and jews |
| Henry 8 king of England | catholic, wanted a divorce so made a new church
church of England (Anglican church) |
| calvanist resitance | in Scotland ( Christian) |
| England gov | parliament vs king |
| parlment are | protestant |
| queen Elizabeth | protestant |
| tuter family line | copperated with parliament |
| stauurt line | dosent cooperate with parliament goes to war |
| oliver Cromwell | protestant becomes new leader, no monarch, or parliament till he dies
staurt line restored still dosent agree |
| glorious revolution 1688 | newgov: constiual monarchy
William and mary new hand picked king and quuen from Scotland to England
signs bill of rights
parliament will have ultimate power |
| France gov | absolutist gov by bourbon kings
Louis xIV |
| Versailles | new capital of france |
| What led to military revolution | religion and land
protestants vs catholics |
| Millitary revolution led to | increase in size, maintatined standard armies except emgland |
| Management of armies | command structures, signal techniques, marching skills |
| Navy technology | cannons
English royal navy vs spains armada
English becomes most powerful |
| France has | best armie and biggest |
| England has | best navy and biggest |
| balance of culture | a culture were they didn't allow a country to get to powerful
only in Europe |
| war of Spanish succession | alli between spain and france |
| England Austria Prussia vs france | stop spain and france alli |
| Alli with commercial elites | spain makes allis with bougeoisi |
| Netherlands vs. spain | for independence
spain looses control over Netherlands |
| Holland | commercial intrest |
| Amsterdam | craftsmen |
| England vs. Dutch | for territory over sea
England could collect taxes effecintly |
| France taxing | oversea taxing couldn't collect |
| equistian | catholic church to punish hertants ( non-Christians |
| Gunpowder empiers | ottoman, Mughal,Safavid |
| Ottoman empier | 1300-1922
largest and longest empire |
| expansion of the ottoman | in NW Antolia then fought against catholics got Siberia and constanople , eygpt and Syria were added
Iran was border |
| sultant Suleiman the magnificent | 1520-1566 ruled during ottomans peak |
| Ottoman fought venice | to get control of the mediteranean for tribute |
| ottoman relationship with other muslims | distant
muslim requested help against portugese and didn't help |
| How were ottoman and muslims diff in slavery | ottomans slaved anyone |
| Ottoman janissaries | captured Christian boys for soilders |
| dev shirme | program used for janissaries
boys learned from turk family achieved political status |
| Ottoman cosmopolitan society | centralized
askeris- high ranking soilder taxfree
vizier- local rulers
raya ( pack of sheep) payed taxes dependent |
| religious diversity | in 1492 spain migration of religion |
| Battle of lepanto in 1571 | under the rule of sultan eat safavids but lost to Christians |
| Why did ottoman military start to decrease | janissaries are to expensive landholding Turkish cavalry decrease
silver an economy inflation spain depends on silver |
| rebellion in antolia | because of lack of money, military readiness decreased since jenarssaries went to busness and enrolled sons |
| Changes in ottoman instiutions | secluded sultan and chief adminastors are away
devsharmie discontinued
rural areas land grants are now tax fams |
| ottoman trade decreased | europes increased
Asian spices are biggest product |
| Tulip period (1718-1730) | luxury goods were a priority
traded with Europe |
| patrona halil rebellion | ignore sultan
showed weakness of central empire |
| Mughal empire (1526-1761) | established by Turkic warrior Babur and Akbar |
| Akbar | centralized administration
non hedietary kand to his military and political
muslim |
| Akbar gave | peace to northern heartland and war to hindus and rebels to souther afghans |
| Trade in Mughal | boomed |
| Mughal conquest of india | 75 % were hindu |
| Sikh | religion formed in the Mughal empire combines muslin hindu and zorastinasim |
| Akbar reconciliation | marrys hindu, decreases tax on hindu, creates new religion divine faith , reduces legal discrimination for muslims on hindus |
| Mughal empire declined | land granted system- given to high officals
couldn't embrace conqured colonies
rise of regional power
weak rulers |
| as Mughal declined | rise in independent states
nawab- regional leaders prosperous but couldn't defend Europe |
| joseph Dupliex | took over as nawab from Europe
left open door for Europe involment |
| SE asia kingdoms transformed | from the mecca and medina
cities- traditional
rural- non traditional |
| Muslim ruled | Swahili coast but not inner asia |
| Portuguese conqured what in Africa | swahli except malind |
| the better organized dutch | drove portugues out of Malacca |
| dutch couldn't monopolize spices | moved to coffee and wood |
| China dynasty in order | shang, Zhou, quing, han,sui, tang, song, uan, ming, and quing (Manchu) |
| North Eurasia | 1500- 1800
japan, china, Russia |
| Daiymo | japans wealthy land owners |
| Shogunate | most powerful person |
| Tokugawa shogunate | 1603-1800 most powerful family
diminished the ashikaga with portugese fierarms |
| Japan gov | decentralized local rulers lead to urban
figurehead in Kyoto |
| Edo | made transportation new capital
made rodes to contact emperor
rice became currency |
| Smuris | became weaker introduction of weapons, |
| japan merhcants | inreases |
| Japan contact with Europe | mostly Portuguese was limited after Jesuits |
| Jesuits in 1500s | limited success in turning catholic were banned in 1649 |
| dutch influence on japan | learned tech and language
liked dutch because didn't spread religion |
| Japan trade with asia | korea, Okinawa, Taiwan. china, Se asia |
| outerlords | merchants who traded with Europe
wealthy |
| Japan population | outskirts were wealthier, trade increases |
| 47 ronin 1702 | displays civil law centralized over military |
| Ming declined in 1644 because | economy, no tech improments, climate hurts crops, inflation on silver, low pop growth |
| Ming collapse | border threats- mongol confederation, Korean allies china helped
Japanese pirates
local rebelions |
| Lizicheng | held rebelions that overthrew ming and Manchu Quing |
| Quing empire | ruled by Manchu family but majority was Chinese |
| Chinese trading | limited access with Portuguese,spanish, and dutch |
| biggest European trading company | dutch east indian ecompany |
| Quing developed marked points fro trade why | china gets payed when foreiners want to sell
city of canton |
| Lord macartney | tried to undermine the canton system worsen |
| china population | increased because of new crops
environment: deforestation erosion
poltians cant control pop |
| Russian empier | made allaimce with quing to weaken mongol
isolated Europe then embraced |
| Russian society | diverse lead to conflict |
| Russian politics | nobles overthrew muscorite and replaced with romanor family serfdom increases |
| peter the great | rommanor family, caused westernization, great norther war wth Swedish gets access with W, europw |
| results in Russia | great embassy
broke noble power
politics control church
improve military
increased serfdom
eastern orthodoz, realist ruler |
| Catherine the great | largest land empire |
| Russia and japan | improved in military |
