Front of Card | Back of Card |
inclusion bodies | bodies present in the nucleus of cytoplasm of certain cells in infection by filtrable viruses |
Aschoff | Rheumatic fever (extensive = McCallums Patch) |
Babes Ernst granules | Metachomatic granules seen in diptheria |
Councilman cells | viral hep |
epithelioid | Tb |
guarneri bodies | small pox (variola) |
Koplik spots | Measles (rubeola) |
Langerhans | TB |
Lewy bodies | Parkinson's (paralysis agitans) |
Mallory bodies | Hepatitis (alcoholics) |
Negri bodies | Rabies (hydrophobia) |
Reed Sternberg | Hodgkin's |
Active immunity | makes own antibodies |
Active immunity | long term immunity |
Natural Active Immunity | immunity from being exposed to the disease |
Artificial Active Immunity | injection of attenuated organism |
Passive immunity | receives antibodies from someone/something else |
Natural Passive immunity | immunity from mother to fetus in utero |
natural passive immunity | immunity from breast feeding |
passive Artificial immunity | injection of gamma globulin or purified antiserum from animals |
Antitoxin (artificial passive) | antibody against a toxin |
antitoxin (artificial passive) | purified antiserum from animals who have been given a toxoid |
toxoid | modified inactivated bacterial exotoxin that has lost its toxicity |
exotoxin | toxin outside the cell from cell waste products |
endotoxin | toxin from lipopolysaccharide layer of cell |
enterotoxin | toxin that affects the intestine |
neurotoxin | toxin that affects the nervous system |
opsonin | stimulates phagocytosis |
hapten | partial antigen |
Type 1 Hypersensitivity | Anaphylactic |
type 2 hypersensitivity | cytotoxic |
type 3 hypersensitivity | immune complex mediated |
type IV | delayed hypersensitivity |
rapidly developing hypersensitivity | type 1 (anaphylactic) |
bee sting, asthma attack | type 1 (anaphylactic) |
transfusion reaction | type 2 (cytotoxic) |
Goodpasteur's syndrome = coomb's anemia (lungs and kidney) | type 2 (cytotoxic) |
glmerulonephritis, RA, Lupus | type 3 (immune complex mediated) |
Arthus reaction = local reaction | type 3 (immune complex mediated) |
serum sickness = systemic | type 3 (immune complex mediated) |
TB, transplants, graft rejection, contact dermatitis | type 4 (delayed hypersensitivity) |
autotroph | oxidizes inorganic matter for energy |
heterotroph | requires organic matter for energy |
saprophyte | nutrition from dead decaying matter for energy |
parasite | feeds on living matter for energy |
pathogens | parasites that cause disease |
facultative | can function in presence or absence of O2 |
fermentation | anaerobic decomposition of CHO to alcohol odors |
symbiosis | 2 populations living together - one or both benefit |
mutualism | 2 populations living together - both benefit |
synergism | 2 populations living together - both benefit & accomplish what neither can do alone |
commensalism | 2 populations living together - one benefits, the other is unaffected |
ASO titre | Anitstreptolysin O titre. Test for strep antibodies. Rheumatic fever |
Bile solubility | Pneumococci vs Alpha hemolytic strep viridans |
Bordet Gengou Phenomenon | aka Complement Fixation |
Catalase | staph vs strep |
coagulase | staph aureus vs other stap |
complement fixation | hemolysis means presence of complement |
coliform | used to check for e. coli in water purification |
coombs | tests antigens on RBCs |
coombs | erythroblastosis fetalis - Rh factor |
Dick | susceptibility to scarlet fever |
Schultz carlton reaction | antitoxin reaction to scarlet fever |
Schick | immunity to diptheria |
Giemsa stain | for protozoa |
phosphatase | to determine if milk pasteurization was adequate. Phosphatase is destroyed if pasteurization was properly accomplished. |
Paul Bunnel | test for mononucleosis |
quellung reaction | strep pneumoniae |
Weil Felix | for rickettsia. typhus |
Widal | typhoid fever test |
syphilis tests | kline kahn wasserman TPI VDRL Darkfield |
tuberculosis tests | mantoux, tine, acid fast=ziehl nielson stain, BCG=TB vaccine (Bacillus calmette guerin) |
mononucleosis tests | paul bunnell, monospot, hereophile, antibody, downey cell |
holding pasteurization method | 145 degrees for 30 seconds |
flash pasteurization method | 161 degrees for 15 seconds |
flash pasteurization method AKA | High Temp Short Time |
most common pasteurization method | flash AKA HTST |
ultrahigh pasteurization method | 191 degrees for 2-5 seconds |
blue pus indicates | pseudomones aeruginosa -open burn infection, fluorescence |
yellow pus indicates | staph aureus infection |
red pus indicates | serratia marcescens infection |
sulfa drugs for | gram negative, competes w/PABA |
streptomycin for | gram negative, inhibits protein synthesis |
penicillin for | gram negative, inhibits cell wall synthesis |
tetracycline for | gram negative and positive, inhibits protein synthesis |
tetracycline side effect | turns teeth gray or yellow brown |
Burnet/metchinkoff | developed humoral theory of immune response |
Erlich | magic bullet=sulfa drugs; discovered penicillin |
Flemming | discovered penicillin |
Iwanowski | discovered virus |
Jenner | developed small pox vaccine |
Koch | proved bacteria causes disease, Koch's postulates |
Lancefield, Rebecca | classified streptococcus |
Leewenhoek | developed first microscope, saw microorganisms |
Lister | antisepsis |
Pateaur | pasteurization of wine then milk, germ theory |
Reed, Walter | yellow fever |
Sabin | live polio vaccine given orally (Sabin your life) |
Salk | dead polio vacine given by injection before Sabin |
Semmelweiss | persecuted for idea of washing hands after autopsy and childbirth, puerperal fever |
Semmelweiss | responsible for significantly reducing the maternal mortality rate |
Colony Variation | R = rough, S = smooth, M = mucoid capsule forming (related to virulence), H = spreading, O = compact, D = dwarf |
Gram stain | 1. stain w/ crystal violet 2. use iodine as a mordant (fixer) 3. wash w/ acetone or ethanol 4. use saffarin (counter stain) |
washing gram stain with alcohol does | removes blue from thin walled bacteria |
gram + color | blue |
gram - color | red |
gram + have darker stain | gram + have a thicker cell wall |
Thayer Martin stain | chocolate agar (heated blood agar) |
Mannitol salt stain | staphylococcus |
Sabourand stain | Fungi/mycosis |
Acid fast stain | Mycobacterium |
Glemsa stain | protozoans/parasites |
MacConkey Agar | differentiates e. coli from salmonella via lactose fermentation |
salmonella and e. coli both test | gram - |
CDC | center for disease control. compiles stats on morbidity, keeps track of epidemics, home in atlanta, ga |
FDA | responsible for safety in health products, restricts product misrepresentation in health promotion and advertising |
HHS | Department of Health and Human Services, controls FDA, CDC, and USPHS (US public health service) |
HSA | Health Services administration, US health care agency, provides healthcare to migratory and rural underserved populations, OSHA is a part of this |
NIH | National Institute of Health, responsible for financing, funding and research of various diseases, Bethesda, MD |
OSHA | occupation Safety and Health Administration, makes reules concerning occupational toxicity levels of hazardous materials, responsible to HSA. |
USDA | US Dept. of Agriculture, responsible for milk and milk products |
Epidemic | repidly affects many persons in a certain area within a few days or weeks |
endemic | a small number of cases in a specific location present all of the time |
pandemic | causes more than the expected number of cases of a disease on a worldwide basis |
prevalence | the number of people with disease that occurs at a certain time in a designated area |
incidence | frequency of occurence over a period of time, the number of new cases of a disease |
leading cause of death in infants | respiratory infection |
#2 cause of death in infants | poison (aspirin is main cause) |
leading cause of death from 1-35 | accidents |
leading cause of death in adults | heart disease |
#2 cause of death in adults | cancer |
#2 cause of death in adults | accidents |
water purification process | 1. filtration 2. flocculation 3. sedimentation 4. sludge digestion 5. sand filtration 6. aeration 7. chorination 8. possible fluorination |
filtration | screens for large materials |
flocculation | chemical coagulation & addition of precipitates such as aluminum |
sludge digestion | addition of anaerobic bacteria |
sand filtration | removes anaerobic bacteria |
aeration | adds oxygen to water to improve color and taste and kills remaining anaerobic bacteria |
chlorination | kills all bacteria |
viral diseases with skin reactions | vaccinia, varicella, variola, rubeola, rubella, herpes simplex, herpes zoster |
vaccinia | cow pox |
varicella | chicken pox, herpes zoster AKA shingles, giant multinucleated cells |
variola | small pox, guarneri bodies |
rubeola | regular measles, red measles, kiplik spots on buccal mucosa |
rubella | german measles (birth defects) most susceptible in 1st trimester |
herpes simplex | fever blister (cold sores) genital herpes |
herpes zoster | shingles from DRG - follows nerve |
viral diseases with respiratory reactions | psittiacosis, rhinovirus, mono, mumps, influenza, adenovirus |
psittacosis | parrot fever (lower respiratory tract) |
rhinovirus | common cold |
mono | epstein barr virus, paul bunnell, monospot, heretophile antibody, downey cell |
mumps | parotitis, secondary orchitis, sidomegalic paramyxoid virus |
influenza | flu, pneumonia |
adenovirus | causes conjunctivitis, pharyngitis |
viral diseases with enteric reactions | coxsackle, echovirus, polio |
coxsackle | childhood dysentery, hand, foot & mouth disease |
echovirus | skin rash, heart disease |
polio | bulbar type produces respiratory paralysis & is the major cause of death from polio, carried by water; afects anterior horn |
rabies | RNA virus, rhabdo birus, negri bodies int he brain, hydrophobic |
hepatitis A | oral/fecal trasmission |
hepatitis B | sexual transmission or taking blood in the lab |
heptatisis C | from transfusions (non A non B) |
AIDS | retro virus: reverse transcriptase makes DNA from RNA, attacks T helper cells, patients suscpetible to: pneumocystic carinii, nocardia asteroides, guardia lamblia, kaposi sarcoma |
abroviruses (arthropod borne viruses) | western equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, st. louis equine encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue fever |
western equine encephalitis | mostquito carrier |
eastern equine encephalitis | mosquito carrier |
st. louis equine encephalitis | mosquito carrier |
yellow fever | aedes agypti, walter reed, viscerotropic virus |
dengue fever | mostquito carrier, 1st symptoms = arthralgia |