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Blood Formation
Blood cell formation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many red blood cells are made per hour? | 10^10 |
| How much more neutrophils do we need to make in comparison to RBCs? | 240 times more |
| Where are almost all of our blood cells made when we are developing? | Egg yolk sac (Mesoblastic Phase) |
| When does the mesoblastic phase shut down? | At about 3 months |
| When does the hepatic phase shut down? | About 9 months |
| What is the myeloid phase? | Development of blood in the bone marrow |
| As we mature into our twenties where is most of our blood maturing occuring? | In our flat bones (Clavicle, Pelvis, Ribs) |
| What type of marrow do we find in long bones? | Marrow that became dormant called yellow marrow |
| Does yellow marrow have the potential to act as a source for hematopoiesis? | Yes, it has the potential |
| What type of cell do all various types of cells come from? | Pluripotent stem cell |
| What choices do the daughter cells have after they have been divided? | One daughter of each cell division can become something else |
| True or False: When a cell divides one of the daughter cells is an absolute replica and the other isn't | True |
| What choice does hemopoetic stem cells have early on? | To become a lymphoid stem cell or myeloid stem cell |
| What can lymphoid stem cells differentiate into? | B and T cell lineages |
| What can myeloid cells differntiate into? | Granulocytes, Agranulocytes and mast cells |
| When a cell is absolutely committed what can't it do? | Can't be reversed |
| After radiation poisoning what was discovered the body couldn't do? | Incapable of making red blood cells and missing almost all of the leukocytes |
| What influences the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells? | Location: Bone marrow. Growth factors along with receptors that respond to it. |
| What does cell signaling tell a cell to do? | To continue to divide or not to die |
| On the committed pathway what do cells do? | Continue to divide until the nucleus becomes condensed and cannot divide anymore |
| Name functions of red blood cells | Deliver oxygen, pick up oxygen from the respiratory system and delivers oxygen to the tissue and picks up carbon dioxide from the tissue |
| Do red blood cells have a nucleus? | No. |
| What happened to the nucleus that was in red blood cells? | It became condensed and eventually was spit out |
| What stage marks the end of being able to make new cells in RBCs? | Chromatophilic/polychromatophilic |
| When differentiating pathways set in and the cytoplasm becomes basophilic what is the cell called? | Basophilic erythroblast |
| What is left after the nucleus is spit out? | Normoblast |
| What is the cell called after the nucleus is spit out? | Recticulocyte or polychromatophilic erythrocyte |
| What does a RBC have to do to mature? | Get rid of ribosomes and few remnant organelles |
| After the nucleus is spit out what happens to it? | It is phagocytized by macrophages present |
| What can happen if there is a high demand for oxygen but the reticulocytes are not mature RBCs yet? | The reticuolytes can be relased before they are fully matured in that situation |
| Name the first step in a neutrophils pathway to formation. | It is a promyelecyte cell that starts accumulating granules |
| Do promyelecytes have specific granules? | No. They are morphologically indistinguishable from basophils and eosinophils |
| When can you start telling neutrophils apart form basophils or eosinophils? | When they are myelocytes because they have specific granules |
| What happens in the stage of the neutrophil being a metameyelocyte? | The nucleus deforms until it is no longer able to go through mitosis |
| Describe the deforming of the nucleus? | It first indents and become concave then it becomes so deforemed that is called a band cell |
| What is the last stage called for neutrophils? | The myelocytic stage |
| What happens to the nucleus in the neutrophil? | It starts to pinch off into several lobes (minumum of 3 lobes) |
| How many times does the nucleus pinch off in a basophil? | About 3 times or so |
| How many times does the nucleus pinch off in a eosinophil? | Only 1 time |
| What are platelets? | They are fragments of the precursor cell. They are not a developing cell |
| In platelets there are divisions at each stage of mitosis. Up to how many cells? | 64 cells |
| Describe endomitosis of platelets | The nucleus and size of the cell are getting bigger and bigger |
| What is the source of becoming the platelets? | Processes from megakaryocytes are going to be the source to the pinching off and becoming platelets |
| Where do all of the cell processes take place? | In the bone marrow |
| How does marrow play a role in the developing cells? | The stromal structure plays a role of dynamics. There are various islands of development in the marrow. |
| Where do the huge megakaryocytes sit in the marrow? | On the surface of the sinus |
| Is the sinus wall discontinuous or continuous endothelium? | Discontinuous (Gaps in basal lamina) |
| What is underneath the sinus wall? | An advential cell or reticular cell |
| Describe reticular cells | They are in lymph nodes and are sending out processes to help organize the space of reticular fibers |
| What factor is the key to regulating the existence of pluripotent cells? | Steel factor |
| To maintain the stem cells you have to have a special type of receptor, what is it called? | C-kit |
| What is steel factor the ligand for? | C-kit |
| Why do you need steel factor to bind to C-kit? | To get the singaling pathways that are necessary for the stem cells to stay in existence long enough to undergo division |
| What form does steel factor exist as in the body? | As a transmembrane protein associated with the plasma membrane of the advential cells |
| Why can't you shut down steel factor when it is bound? | Because when it is bound the signal is preserved. |
| Where is the only location in the body steel factor is bound and stable? | In the bone marrow |
| If you damage the marrow where else can hematopoiesis occur? | In the liver |
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