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Bac & Vir Test #1
Objective review and individual terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T or F: Stool is never taken from the toilet or to be contaminated with urine | True |
| When is a sputum sample unacceptable? | When there are 25 or fewer WBC's and more than 10 epithelial cells |
| Exogenous infection | Infection from environment or another host |
| Phase during which we want to run lab testing | The acute phase |
| Steps of gram staining procedure | Methanol fixation (60 sec.), air dry, crystal violet (30 sec.), rinse, iodine mordant (30 sec.), rinse, decolorize (1-5 sec.), rinse, safranin (30 sec.), rinse. |
| What are notifiable infectious diseases and the reporting agency who must be notified? | Diseases that must be reported for necessity of prevention and/or control of disease. Reported to CDC. |
| Attack rate | Percent of people who contract disease versus those at risk |
| Pandemic | Disease that is in a widespread region or worldwide (Ex: US or globally) |
| Epidemic | Increase in level of disease above that usually found in population (Ex: the entire West coast) |
| Endemic | Disease present, but at low and constant level in population (Ex: City of Richmond) |
| Period of communicability | Period where microbe is being shed and is transferrable between hosts |
| Phenotype | Observable functional and physical characteristics of organism |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup of organism |
| Death phase of bacterial growth | When number of non-viable cells exceeds viable ones |
| Stationary phase of bacterial growth | When nutrients are limited and number of bacteria is constant |
| Log phase of bacterial growth | When bacterial numbers increase logarithmically |
| Lag phase of bacterial growth | When bacteria are preparing to divide |
| Cell walls and stain reaction of gram positive bacteria + example | Blue/purple color, and cell wall with thick peptidoglycan layer (Ex: Staphylococcus aureus) |
| Cell walls and stain reaction of gram negative bacteria + example | Red/pink color, and cell wall with thin peptidoglycan layer (Ex: Escherichia coli) |
| Nosocomial infection | Infection aquired from a hospital |
| 3 specimens that do not get gram stained | Feces, throat swabs, and whole blood (but blood CULTURES are stained) |
| Disinfectant | Chemical agent applied to inanimate object |
| What is Case Fatality Rate (CFR)? | Percentage of people with the disease who died |
| Non-communicable disease | Disease with no host-to-host transmission. Could be caused by host's normal flora. |
| Prodominant flora in oropharynx (mouth) | Streptococcus and Staphylococcus |
| Incubation period | Time between exposure and onset of signs & symptoms |
| What is the goal of handwashing? | To eliminate transient flora and protect resident flora |
| What is a Stuart swab used for? | Throat, vaginal specimens and wounds |
| Infectious disease facts | Increasing mortality and morbidity rate; infections becoming more drug resistant; increase in animal/insect vectors; whooping cough coming back in response to decreased numbers of vaccinated individuals |
| Predominant flora in genitourinary tract | Lactobacillus, Bacteroids, Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus, S. epidermididis, S. aureus, Enterococcus, Diptheroids |
| Body sites with normal flora | Skin, conjunctiva (eye), nasopharynx (nose), oropharynx (mouth), upper intestines, large intestines, vagina and urethra |
| What is a syndrome? | Combination of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease |
| What is a symptom? | Disease presentations that are unseen but described by the patient such as aches & pains |
| What is a sign? | Observable or measurable presentations of a disease |
| Prodominant flora in GI tract | Clostridium, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, Bacteroids |
| What is the goal of specimen preservation? | To maintain speciment as near to its original state as possible with minimal deterioration and to prevent risk to specimen handler |
| What does an autoclave do? | Sterilizes and kills endospores at 121.6 degrees C which takes about 15 minutes |
| Virulency | Degree of pathogenicity |
| Disinfection | Elimination of a defined scope of microorganisms |
| What is an endogenous infection? | An infection caused by host's own flora (Ex: epidermal bacteria entering open wound) |
| What is an Aimes swab used for? | Throat, vaginal specimens and wounds |
| Considerations involved for culture workup and interpretation | Specimen source, source's normal flora as well as morphology of normal flora, most likely pathogens as well as their colony morphology |
| What is Arthorpodborne transmission? | Contamination via insect vector (Ex: mosquito) |
| What is airborne transmission? | Contamination via inhalation |
| What is direct contact transmission? | Contamination via skin or mucosal membrane contact |
| 5 modes of transmission | Direct contact, airborne, waterborne, foodborne, and Arthorpodborne |
| Shapes and morphology of bacteria | Cocci (round) and bacilli (rods, bars or cylinders) |
| Pathogenicity | Capability of a microbe to cause disease |
| Pathogen | Microbe producing pathological effects at body site in a particular instance |
| What is the typical course of infection? | Prodrome, acute, defervescence, and convalescence |
| What is the prodrome phase? | Phase of vague or nonspecific symptoms |
| What is the acute phase? | Phase during full clinical manifestations of symptoms |
| What is defervescence? | Phase during which signs and symptoms subside |
| What is convalescence? | Phase in which all signs and symptoms are absent |
| Antiseptic | Substance applied to skin to reduce or eliminate number of bacteria present |
| What is the Cary-Blair swab used for? | Fecal and rectal swabs |
| Hantavirus | A virus of a genus carried by rodents that causes various febrile hemorragic diseases, often with kidney damage or failure |
| Notable characteristics of specimen upon macroscopic observation | Swab or aspirate, stool consistency (liquid or formed), presence of mucous or blood, and fluid observation (clear or cloudy) |
| Sterilization | The destruction of all forms of life |
| What type of antigens do flagella have? | H antigens |
| Sterile body sites | Bladder (gall and urinary), wounds, fallopian tubes, lungs and kidneys |
| What is the latent period? | Time between exposure and shedding of microbe |
| Transient flora | Microbes that are typically pathogenic but, due to non-ideal conditions, are unable to grow or establish themselves |
| Communicable disease | Disease transmitted from host-to-host (Ex: contact, droplet, etc.) |
| Opportunist | Organisms who usually do not cause disease but are capable of causing infection in immunosupressed individuals |
| Commensal flora | Microbes established at body site but not affecting the host in ny adverse manner |
| Indigenous flora | Microbes that naturally and commonly inhabit a body site in most healthy humans (Ex: "normal flora") |
| Parasitism | One species (microbe) that benefits at the expense of the other (host) |
| What type of atmosphere do capnophiles grow? | Atmosphere of high CO2 |
| What type of atmosphere do anaerobes grow? | Atmosphere of no oxygen whatsoever |
| What type of atmosphere do aerobes grow? | Oxygenic atmospheres |
| At what temperature do psychophils grow? | Extreme cold |
| At what temperatures do mesophils grow? | Normal; human body temperature (96 F) |
| At what temperatures do thermophiles grow? | Extreme heat |
| In what pH does bacteria grow? | Neutral; pH=7 |
| What type of media is MacKonkey? | Selective media |
| What type of media is a blood agar plate (BAP)? | Enriched media |
| What are the types of testing media? | Nutrient, enriched, selective and differential |
| What is a prokaryotic cell? | Unicellular, no true nucleus, contains cell wall, no organelles and found in bacteria & archeae |
| What is a eukaryotic cell? | Has true nucleus, nuclear membrane, and organelles. Found in animals and plants. |
| Sub departments of Microbiology | Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology and Parasitology |
| Serovar | Bacterial subdivision defined by its antigenic characteristics |
| Biovar | Bacterial subdivision defined by its biochemical or physical properties |
| Strain | Bacterial subdivision where species descends from single isolant |
| 3 subdivisions of bacterial species | Biovar, serovar, and strain |
| Rules of scientific nomenclature for bacteria | Genus capitalized; species lowercase. Genus always listed before species. Species name never listed alone without genus name or initial. Scientific name italicized or underlined. |
| Order of microbial taxonomy | Domain>kingdom>phylum>class>order>family>tribe>genus>species |
| Transduction | DNA transferred, but mediated by bacterial virus |
| Transformation | Uptake of naked DNA by viable cell from lysed cell |
| What are 3 modes of genetic transfer among bacteria? | Transformation, transduction, conjugation |
| Conjugation | Transfer via specialized pilus requiring direct contact between donor and recipient (Eg: bacterial sex) |
| Atmospheric requirements for obligate anaerobes | Non-oxygenic atmosphere |
| Atmospheric requirements for facultative anaerobes | Non-oxygenic or oxygenic atmosphere |
| Atmospheric requirements for microaerophiles | Low oxygen level atmosphere |
| Atmospheric requirements for obligate aerobes | Oxygenic atmosphere |
| 3 major nutritional needs of bacteria | Carbon, nitrogen and ATP |
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