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APUSH Unit 1.
Chapters 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did the landscape of North America become like we know it today? | After the Ice Age |
| What formed the Great Lakes? | Melting glaciers after the Ice Age |
| How did the first people get to North America? | Ice Age exposed a land bridge that connected North America and Eurasia; nomads crossed over while following migratory game |
| The first people who came into North America by the land bridge are ancestors to ___________. | Native Americans |
| Once the first people arrived in North America, how far did they spread? | All the way to the southern tip of South America |
| How many people were thought to have already been living in the Americas when the Europeans came? | 54 million |
| What ancient civilization lived in Peru? | Incas |
| What ancient civilization lived in Central America? | Mayans |
| What ancient civilization lived in Mexico? | Aztecs |
| What ancient civilization participated in religious human sacrifice? | Aztecs |
| What allowed for the size and sophistication of ancient Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America? | Agriculture |
| What was the main crop grown by ancient Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America? | Corn |
| What slowly turned nomadic Native American tribes in Mexico and South America into sedimentary civilizations? | Agriculture |
| Who created irrigation? | Pueblo peoples |
| What kind of structures did the Pueblo peoples in Rio Grande live in? | Multi-storied, terraced buildings |
| True or false: Not counting Mexico, many Native American civilizations existed in North America. | False. Most lived in South America and Mexico. |
| Name three important Native American civilizations in North America. | Mound Builders, Mississippians, and Anasazis |
| When did the Mound Builders, Mississippians, and Anasazis fall into decline? | 1300 AD |
| What crops are involved in 3-sister farming? | Maize, beans, and corn |
| Type of farming where beans grow on the trellis of cornstalks and squash covers planting mounds to retain soil's moisture | 3-sister farming |
| What area used 3-sister farming? | Atlantic seaboard of North America |
| True or false: 3-sister farming produced some of North America's highest Native American population densities. | True. |
| Give two examples of Native American civilizations that thrived because of 3-sister farming. | Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee |
| What North American civilization created the closest approximation to the nation-states in Mexico and Peru? | Iroquois |
| Closest North American approximation to nation-states of Mexico and Peru; had enough political and organizational skills to create and army | Iroquois Confederacy |
| True or false: People living in non-civilization cultures (tribes) in North America were patriarchal. | False. They were matriarchal. |
| Who originally discovered North America? Where were they? | Norse (from Scandinavia); Newfoundland |
| What did the Norse name the part of North America they had discovered? | Vinland |
| What happened to the Norse settlement in Vinland? | It was eventually abandoned and forgotten |
| How was the New World "rediscovered" after Vinland was forgotten about? | Found by European explorers looking for Africa and Asia |
| The largest percentage of the discoverers of the New World were what religion? | Christian |
| Why were the Christian discoverers of the New World looking for Asia? | They wanted to take back the Holy Land from Muslims; even when they failed, they liked the goods from Asia |
| Why were goods from Africa and Asia so expensive? How did this contribute to the discovery of the New World? | The goods had to travel a very long way. It made people want to find a shorter route there or find new sources if possible. |
| Why is Marco Polo an indirect discoverer of the New World? | His tales of China made many people want to go there, but they found the New World instead |
| Why did Europeans want to stop traveling home along the West coast of Africa? How did this lead to the discovery of the New World? | The winds made it difficult to travel that way. They started going northwest from Africa. |
| Why did people want to travel to Sub-Saharan Africa? | Gold |
| How did the reach-ability of Sub-Saharan have an eventual effect on the New World? | It made slave trade there popular; origins of slave labor on plantations |
| Who was the first person to round the southernmost tip of Africa? | Bartholomeu Dias |
| Who was the first European to reach India? | Vasco de Gama |
| How did Spain becoming a unified country lead to the discovery of the New World? | They wanted in on Asia's wealth, but Portugal controlled the African coast, so they had to go west to get there |
| Who was the first European to discover the New World? What country did they work for? | Christopher Columbus; Spain |
| Where did Christopher Columbus think he was when he discovered the New World? | Indies |
| Name two animals and two plants that were in the New World that had never before been seen in Europe. | Iguanas, rattlesnakes; maize, tomatoes, beans, potatoes |
| True or false: The food found in the New World led to a population decrease in Europe and eventually Africa because the people were unable to digest it. | False. It actually led to rapid population growth. |
| Name three animals Europe introduced to the New World. | Cows, pigs, and horses |
| How did the Native Americans take advantage of the European introduction of horses into the New World? | They used them to become highly mobile hunting societies. |
| Name two effects of Europeans introducing sugar cane to the Caribbean. | It grew well there and sugar became part of the European diet; created need for slave labor |
| Name something besides food and animals the Europeans brought to the New World. What was its effect on the Native Americans? | Diseases. The Native Americans couldn't fight it off and it was the biggest killer of Native Americans the Europeans had (more than violence or slavery) |
| Give an example of a disease the Europeans brought to the New World. | Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever |
| What disease did the Native Americans give Europeans? Why is this important? | Syphilis; first STD in Europe |
| Agreement between Spain and Portugal to split Americas | Treaty of Tordesillas |
| What country got the most land in the Treaty of Tordesillas? | Spain |
| What land did Portugal get in the Treaty of Tordesillas? | Brazil |
| What country was the dominant exploring and conquering power in the 1500s? | Spain |
| Who discovered the Pacific Ocean? | Vasco Nunez Balboa |
| Whose crew sailed around the globe? Why wasn't he there with them? | Ferdinand Magellan; he died en route |
| Who was the first European to explore Florida? What was he looking for? | Juan Ponce de Leon; gold and Fountain of Youth |
| Who was the first European to explore as far west as Kansas? What was he looking for? | Francisco Coronado; Golden Cities |
| Who was the first European to cross the Mississippi River? | Hernando de Soto |
| Who defeated the Incas in Peru? | Francisco Pizarro |
| What were the four effects of so much wealth going to Spain from the New World? | Beginning of capitalism; beginning of modern commercial banking; spread of commerce and manufacturing; more trade with Asia |
| What did Spain use the Caribbean islands to do? | Used as offshore bases to prepare to invade mainland Americas |
| System used by Spain to enslave Native Americans; government "gave" Spaniards Native Americans if they would Christianize them | Encomienda System |
| European who conquered Aztecs | Hernan Cortes |
| Aztec leader conquered by Hernan Cortes | Monteczuma |
| Why did Monteczuma let Hernan Cortes into the capital unopposed? | He believed he was a god |
| What two things wiped out the Aztec people? | Disease; conquest |
| What did the Spaniards do to the surviving Aztecs after they conquered them? What race did this create? | Intermarried; mestizos |
| Oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the US | St. Augustine, FL |
| What was Spain's priority in New Mexico? | Converting Native Americans to Christianity |
| What country colonized both Texas and California? | Spain |
| After decades of religious turmoil, Protestantism finally gained permanent dominance in England after the succession to the throne of __________. | Queen Elizabeth I |
| Imperial England and English soldiers developed a contemptuous attitude toward "natives" partly through their colonizing experiences in _____. | Ireland |
| What was the effect of England's victory over the Spanish Armada? | It gave England dominance of the Atlantic Ocean |
| What kind of changes was England undergoing during its first colonization efforts? | Rapid economic and social changes |
| What occupation were many of the early Puritan settlers of America? | Sheep farmers |
| What was England's first colony in America? | Jamestown |
| How was Jamestown saved from failure? | John Smith's leadership and John Rolfe's introduction of tobacco |
| Representative government was first introduced to America in the colony of ________. | Virginia |
| Name one important difference between the founding of the Virginia and Maryland colonies. | Virginia was founded mainly as an economic venture, while Maryland was intended partly to secure religious freedom for persecuted Catholics. |
| After the Act of Toleration, Maryland provided religious freedom for whom? | All Protestants and Catholics |
| What was the primary reason that no new colonies were founded between 1634 and 1670? | Civil war in England |
| The early conflicts between English settlers and the Indians near Jamestown were the basis for... | The forced separation of the Indians into the reservation system |
| What Indian peoples most successfully adapted to the European colonists? Why? | Interior Appalachian tribes. They had enough time, space, and people to create a "middle ground" of economic and cultural interaction. |
| What groups remained in the Appalachian Mountains as a "barrier" against the colonists after the defeat of the coastal Indian tribes in North Carolina? | Creeks. Cherokees, and Iroquois |
| Religious dissenters and poor whites fleeing aristocratic Virginia went to what colony? | North Carolina |
| The founders of Georgia were especially interested in what two causes? | Prison reform and avoiding slavery |
| Nation where English Protestant rulers employed brutal tactics against the local Catholic population | Ireland |
| Island colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared | Roanoke |
| Naval invaders defeated by English "sea dogs" | Spanish Armada |
| Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures | Joint-stock company |
| Name of two wars fought between the English in Jamestown and the nearby Indian leader | Anglo-Powhatan Wars |
| The harsh system of laws governing African labor, first developed in Barbados and later official adopted by South Carolina | Barbados Slave Codes |
| Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens | Charter |
| Penniless people obligated to engage in unpaid labor for a fixed number of years, usually in exchange for passage to the New World or other benefits | Indentured servants |
| Powerful Indian confederation that dominated New York and the eastern Great Lakes area; comprised of several peoples | Iroquois |
| Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil | Squatters |
| Term for a colony under direct control of the English king or queen | Royal |
| The primary staple crop of early Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina | Tobacco |
| The only southern colony with a slave majority | South Carolina |
| The primary plantation crop of South Carolina | Rice |
| A melting-pot town in early colonial Georgia | Hamlet of Savannah |
| Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics | Maryland |
| Indian leader who ruled tribes in the James River area of Virginia | Powhatan |
| Harsh military governor of Virginia who employed "Irish tactics" against the Indians | Lord De La Warr |
| British West Indian sugar colonies where large-scale plantations and slavery took root | Jamaica and Barbados |
| Founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists | Georgia |
| Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit" | North Carolina |
| The unmarried ruler who established English Protestantism and fought the Catholic Spanish | Elizabeth I |
| The Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers | Lord Baltimore |
| The failed "lost colony" founded by Sir Walter Raleigh | Roanoke |
| Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony | Jamestown |
| Colony that established a House of Burgesses in 1619 | Virginia |
| Virginia leader "saved" by Pocohontas and the prominent settler who married her | Smith and Rolfe |
| Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempt to found New World colonies | Raleigh and Gilbert |
| Philanthropic soldier-statesman who founded the Georgia colony | James Oglethorpe |
| Colony that turned to disease-resistant African slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations | South Carolina |
| What was the effect of the English law of primogeniture? | Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization |
| What was the effect of the enclosing of English pastures and cropland? | Forced numerous laborers off the land and sent them looking for opportunities elsewhere |
| What was the effect of Lord De La Warr's use of brutal "Irish tactics" in Virginia? | Led to the two Anglo-Powhatan wars that virtually exterminated Virginia's Indian population |
| What was the effect of the English government's persecution of Roman Catholics? | Led Lord Baltimore to establish the Maryland colony |
| What was the effect of the slave codes in England's Barbados colony? | Became the legal basis for slavery in North America |
| What was the effect of John Smith's stern leadership in Virginia? | Forced gold-hungry colonists to work and saved them from total starvation |
| What was the effect of the English settlers' near destruction of small Indian tribes? | Contributed to the formation of powerful Indian coalitions like the Iroquois and the Algonquins |
| What was the effect of the flight of poor farmers and religious dissenters from planter-run Virginia? | Led to the founding of the independent-minded North Carolina colony |
| What was the effect of Georgia's unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery, and vulnerability to Spanish attacks? | Kept the buffer colony poor and largely unpopulated for a long time |
| What was the principal motivation shaping the earliest settlements in New England? | Religious commitment and devotion |
| Which colony was larger and more economically prosperous: Plymouth or Massachusetts Bay? | Massachusetts Bay |
| Why was the Massachusetts Bay Colony not a true democracy? | Only church members could vote for the governor and the General Court. |
| What English colony had the most complete religious freedom? | Rhode Island |
| Before the first English settlements in New England, Indians in the region had been devastated by.... | Disease epidemics caused by contact with English fishermen |
| The Indian tribe that first encountered the Pilgrim colonists in New England were the... | Wampanoags |
| True or false: The Puritan missionary efforts to convert Indians to Christianity were weak and mostly unsuccessful. | True. |
| The last major Indian effort to halt New Englanders' encroachment on their lands | King Philip's War |
| What was the first small step the colonies made to have intercolonial cooperation? | Creation of the New England Confederation |
| Event that sparked the collapse of the Dominion of New England | The Glorious Revolution in England |
| True or false: The Dutch colony of New Netherland was enjoyed peace and prosperity under the policies of the Dutch West India Co. | True. |
| What was the name of the short-lived colony conquered by Dutch New Netherland? | New Sweden |
| True or false: William Penn's colony of Pennsylvania had the fewest conflicts with neighboring Indian tribes out of all the colonies. | False. It had almost continuous warfare with neighboring Indians. |
| Besides Pennsylvania, Quakers were also heavily involved in the early settlement of what two colonies? | New Jersey and Delaware |
| True or false: The middle colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware had more ethnic diversity than either New England or the southern colonies. | True. |
| Sixteenth-century religious reform movement begun by Martin Luther | Protestant Reformation |
| English Calvinists who sought a thorough cleansing from within the Church of England | Puritans |
| Radical Calvinists who considered the Church of England so corrupt that they broke with it and formed their own independent churches | Separatists |
| The shipboard agreement by the Pilgrim Fathers to establish a body politic and submit to majority rule | Mayflower Compact |
| Puritans' term for their belief that Massachusetts Bay had a special arrangement with God to become a holy society | Covenant |
| Charles I's political action that led to persecution of the Puritans and the formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company | Dismissed Parliament |
| The two major nonfarming industries of Massachusetts Bay | Fur trading and ship building |
| Anne Hutchinson's heretical belief that the truly saved need not obey human or divine law | Antinomianism |
| Common fate of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson after they were convicted of heresy in Massachusetts Bay | Banishment from colony |
| Villages where New England Indians who converted to Christianity were gathered | Praying towns |
| Successful military action by the colonies united in the New England Confederation | King Philip's War |
| English revolt that also led to the overthrow of the Dominion of New England in America | Glorious Revolution |
| River valley where vast estates created an aristocratic landholding elite in New Netherland and New York | Hudson |
| Required, sworn statements of loyalty or religious belief, resisted by Quakers | Test oaths |
| Dominant religious group in Massachusetts Bay | Puritans |
| Founder of the most tolerant and democratic of the middle colonies | William Penn |
| Mass flight by religious dissidents from the persecutions of Archbishop Laud and Charles I | Great Puritan Migration |
| Small colony that eventually merged into Massachusetts Bay | Plymouth |
| Religious dissenter convicted of the heresy of antinomianism | Anne Hutchinson |
| Indian leader who waged an unsuccessful war against New England's white colonists | King Philip |
| German Monk who began Protestant Reformation | Martin Luther |
| Religious group persecuted in Massachusetts and New York but not in Pennsylvania | Quakers |
| Representive assembly of Massachusetts Bay | General Court |
| Promoter of Massachusetts Bay as a holy "city upon a hill" | John Winthrop |
| Conqueror of New Sweden who later lost New Netherland to the English | Peter Stuyvesant |
| Reformer whose religious ideas inspired English Puritans, Scotch Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and Dutch Reformed | John Calvin |
| Wampanoag chieftain who befriended English colonists | Massasoit |
| Colony whose government sought to enforce God's law on believers and nonbelievers alike | Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| Radical founder of the most tolerant New England colony | Roger Williams |
| What was the effect of Charles I's persecution of the Puritans? | Spurred formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company and mass migration to New England |
| What was the effect of Puritans' belief that their government was based on a covenant with God | Led to restriction of political participation in colonial Massachusetts to "visible saints" |
| What was the effect of Puritan persecution of religious dissenters like Roger Williams? | Led to the founding of Rhode Island as a haven for unorthodox faiths |
| What was the effect of the Glorious Revolution? | Led to the overthrow of Andros's Dominion of New England |
| What was the effect of King Philip's War? | Ended New England Indians' attempts to halt white expansion |
| What was the effect of the Dutch West India Company's search for quick profits? | Meant that New Netherland was run as an authoritarian fur trading venture |
| What was the effect of Dutch and English creation of vast Hudson Valley estates? | Secured political control of New York for a few aristocratic families |
| What was the effect of the English government's persecution of Quakers? | Spurred William Penn's founding of Pennsylvania |
| What was the effect of William Penn's liberal religious and immigration policies? | Encouraged large-scale foreign immigration to Pennsylvania |
| What was the effect of the middle colonies' cultivation of broad, fertile river valleys? | Encouraged development of Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey as rich, grain-growing "bread colonies" |
| What colony created the first "constitution"? What was it called? | Connecticut; Fundamental Orders |
| What was the name of the last war before King Philip's War that resulted in weak colonist attempts to Christianize Indians? | Pequot War |
| True or false: For most of their early history, the colonies of Maryland and Virginia had an approximately equal ratio of men and women. | False. There were far more men than women. |
| What group benefited the most from the headright system? | Landowners who paid the transatlantic passage for indentured servants |
| What was the primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion? | The poverty and discontent of many single young men unable to acquire land |
| Why did African slavery become the primary form of labor after Bacon's Rebellion? | Planters were no longer able to rely on white indentured servants as a labor force. |
| What kind of culture developed among the slaves in the English colonies of North America? | A combination of several African and American cultures |
| Political and economic power in the southern colonies was dominated by.... | Wealthy planters |
| Why did it take a long time for a professional class of lawyers and financiers to develop in the south? | There were few urban centers there. |
| Why did Puritan lawmakers in New England prevent married women from having property rights? | They feared that separate property rights for women would undercut the unity of married couples. |
| True or false: Elementary education was mandatory for any New England town with more than fifty families. | True |
| The development of basic democracy in the New England town meeting first started with... | The Congregational Church of the Puritans |
| True or false: Chesapeake Bay colonists enjoyed longer lies and more stable families than those in New England. | False. New England colonists had longer lives and more stable families. |
| A system in New England that provided baptism but not "full communion" into the church to people who had not had a conversion experience | Half-Way Covenant |
| What group of people were most often accused of being witches in Salem? | People from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy |
| What activity did English settlers partake in that most altered the character of the New England environment? | Extensive introduction of livestock |
| Early Maryland and Virginia settlers had difficulty creating them and even more difficulty making them last | Marriages |
| Primary cause of death among tobacco-growing settlers | Disease |
| Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor | Indentured servants |
| Maryland and Virginia's system of granting land to anyone who would pay trans-Atlantic passage for laborers | Headright system |
| Fate of many of Nathaniel Bacon's followers, though not of Bacon himself | Hanging |
| American colony that was home to the Newport slave market and many slave traders | Rhode Island |
| English company that lost its monopoly of the slave trade | Royal African Company |
| African American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa | Gullah |
| Uprisings that occurred in both New York City and South Carolina | Slave revolts |
| Wealthy extended clans like the Fitxhughs, Lees, and Washingtons that dominated politics in the most populous colony | First families of Virginia |
| Approximate marriage age of most New England women | Early 20s |
| The basic local political institution of New England, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs | Meetinghouse |
| Formula devised by Puritan ministers to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion | Half-Way Covenant |
| Late seventeenth-century judicial event that inflamed popular feelings, led to the deaths of twenty people, and weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige | Salem Witch Trials |
| Primary occupation of most seventeenth-century Americans | Farmers |
| Major middle colonies rebellion that caused 33 deaths | New York City slave revolt |
| Helped erase the earlier Puritan distinction between the converted "elect" and other members of society | Half-Way Covenant |
| Small New York revolt that reflected class antagonism between landlords and merchants | Leisler's Rebellion |
| Primary laborers in the early southern colonies until the 1680s | Indentured servants |
| Experience for which human beings were branded and chained, and which only 80% survived | Middle passage |
| Author of a novel about the early New England practice of requiring adulterers to wear the letter "A" | Nathanael Hawthorne |
| West African religious rite, retained by African Americans, in which participants responded to the shouts of a preacher | Ringshout |
| Phenomena started by adolescent girls' accusations that ended with the deaths of 20 people | Salem witch trials |
| Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements | Chesapeake |
| The legacy of Puritan religion that inspired idealism and reform among later generations of Americans | New England conscience |
| Colonial Virginia official who crushed rebels and wreaked cruel revenge | Governor Berkely |
| The oldest college in the South | William and Mary |
| Organization whose loss of the slave trade monopoly led to free-enterprise expansion of the business | Royal African Company |
| Agitator who led poor former indentured servants and frontiersmen on a rampage against Indians and colonial government | Nathaniel Bacon |
| The oldest college in America, originally based on the Puritan commitment to an educated ministry | Harvard |
| What was the effect of the severe shortage of females in southern colonies? | Produced large number of unattached males and weak family structure |
| What was the effect of poor white males' anger at their inability to acquire land or start families? | Sparked Bacon's Rebellion |
| What was the effect of planters' fears of indentured servants' rebellion, couples with rising wages in England? | Caused southern planters to switch from indentured servant labor to African slavery |
| What was the effect of the dramatic increase in colonial slave population after the 1680s? | Inspired passage of strict "slave codes" |
| What was the effect of the growing proportion of females slaves in the Chesapeake region? | Fostered stronger slave families and growth of slave population through natural reproduction of children |
| What was the effect of New Englanders' introduction of livestock and intensive agriculture? | Reduced forests and damaged the soil |
| What was the effect of the healthier climate and more equal male-female ratio in New England? | Produced high birthrates and a very stable family structure |
| What was the effect of the decline of religious devotion and in number of conversions in New England? | Inspired the Half-Way Covenant and jeremaid preaching |
| What was the effect of unsettled New England social conditions and anxieties about the decline of the Puiritan religious heritage? | Underlay the Salem witch persecutions |
| What was the effect of the rocky soil and harsh climate of New England? | Thwarted success in agriculture but helped create the tough New England character |
| Common activity in which the colonists engaged to avoid the restrictive, unpopular Navigation laws | Smuggling |
| Laws that only allowed the colonists to trade with Britain | Navigation Laws |
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