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Kaplan DAT Biology
Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body. |
| Catabolic reactions | break down large chemicals and release energy |
| Anabolic reactions | build up large chemicals and require energy |
| Ingestion | the acquisition of food and other raw materials. |
| Digestion | the process of converting food into a usable soluble form so that it can pass through membranes in the digestive tract and enter the body. |
| Absorption | the passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive tract into the body proper. Absorbed molecules pass through cells lining the digestive tract by diffusion or active transport. |
| Transport | the circulation of essential compounds required to nourish the tissues, and the removal of waste products from the tissues. |
| Assimilation | the building up of new tissues from digested food materials. |
| Respiration | the consumption of oxygen by the body. Cells use oxygen to convert glucose into ATP, a ready source of energy for cellular activities. |
| Excretion | the removal of waste products (such as carbon dioxide, water, and urea) produced during metabolic processes like respiration and assimilation. |
| Synthesis | the creation of complex molecules from simple ones (anabolism). |
| Regulation | the control of physiological activities. |
| Homeostasis | The body's metabolism functions to maintain its internal environment in a changing external environment. Includes regulation by hormones and the nervous system |
| Irritability | the ability to respond to a stimulus and is part of regulation. |
| Growth | an increase in size due to synthesis of new materials. |
| Photosynthesis | the process by which plants convert CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates. |
| Reproduction | the generation of additional individuals of a species. |
| 1. Monosaccharide | Monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose are single sugar subunits. |
| 2. Disaccharide | Disaccharides like maltose and sucrose are composed of two monosaccharide subunits joined by dehydration synthesis, involves loss of water molecule. |
| 3. Polysaccharide | Polysaccharides are polymers or chains of repeating monosaccharide subunits. Glycogen and starch are polysaccharides. Cellulose is a polysaccharide that serves a structural role in plants. These polysaccharides are insoluble in water. |
| 4. Dehydration and Hydrolysis | Polysaccharides are formed by removing water (dehydration). By adding water large polymers can be broken down into smaller subunits in a process called hydrolysis. |
| Lipids (Fats and Oils) | A lipid consists of 3 fatty acid molecules bonded to a single glycerol backbone. |
| a. Phospholipids | contain glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and nitrogen containing alcohol, lecithin, and cephalin. |
| b. Waxes | esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols. They are found as protective coatings on skin, fur, leaves of higher plants, and on the exoskeleton of many insects, lanolin. |
| c. Steroids | All steroids have three fused cyclohexane rings and one fused cyclopentane ring. They include cholesterol, the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen, and corticosteroids. |
| d. Carotenoids | These are fatty acid-like carbon chains containing conjugated double bonds and carrying six-membered carbon rings at each end. These compounds are the pigments which produce red, yellow, orange, and brown colors in plants and animals. |
| e. Porphyrins | also called tetrapyrroles, contain four joined pyrrole rings. They are often complexed with a metal. |
| Proteins | Proteins are composed of C, H, O, and N but also contain P and S. Polymers of amino acids. |
| simple proteins | these are composed entirely of amino acids |
| albumins and globulins | these are primarily globular in nature. they are functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes. |
| scleroproteins | these are fibrous in nature and act as structural proteins. |
| conjugated proteins | these contain a simple protein portion, plus at least one nonprotein fraction. |
| lipoproteins | protein bound to lipid |
| mucoproteins | protein bound to carbohydrate |
| chromoproteins | protein bound to pigmented molecules |
| metalloproteins | protein complexed around a metal ion |
| nucleoproteins | protein containing histone or protamine bound to nucleic acids |
| hormones | these are proteins that function as chemical messenger secreted into the circulation. Insulin and ACTH are protein hormones. |
| enzymes | these are biological catalysts that act by increasing the rate of chemical reactions important for biological functions |
| structural proteins | these contribute to the physical support of a cell or tissue. they may be extracellular or intracellular |
| transport proteins | these are carriers of important materials. |
| antibodies | these bind to foreign particle (antigens), including disease-causing organisms that have entered the body |
Created by:
c13luong
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