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CJ Early U.S.
U.S. History to 1754
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Encomienda | (Native) Land + (Native) Labor, granted by the Spanish crown to Spanish immigrants to Central and South America |
| The general effects of early European colonization on the native peoples of Central and South America | Higher mortality rates for those natives having the greatest contact with European colonists |
| Luxury item coveted by Europeans as a medicine and food preservative | Sugar. European explorers created plantations in Caribbean, imported slaves to grow and process sugar cane |
| Columbian Exchange | Complex interchange of plants, animals, microbes between Europe and the New World as a result of European exploration and migration |
| The Aztecs, including their leader _________, were conquered by _______, in the year _________ | Tenochtitlan, Cortes, 1521 |
| The Incas were conquered by _______, in the year_______ | Pizzaro, 1532 |
| Potosi (located present day Peru) | Site of the largest silver mine to be discovered by the Spanish. By 1570 this town had 120,000 residents, larger than any city in Spain or the Americas |
| Title for Spanish leaders appointed by Spanish crown to govern in the New World | Viceroys. Each viceroy presided over a district, the first of which was the Viceroyalty of New Spain |
| Discovered Newfoundland in 1497 | John Cabot |
| The first English settlements in the new world were established in the Caribbean in | 1604 |
| The ruler of the Pamunkey tribe of Native Americans in Virgina, had significant contact with the first English settlers in Virgina | Powhatan, leader of the Pamunkeys |
| Mercantilism | Term coined by Adam Smith, policy enacted by European colonizing powers; holds that the State must regulate and protect industry and commerce, mainly by creating a favorable balance of trade |
| Navigation Acts | Parliamentary acts passed over period of 100 years to give English complete control and profit from shipping and marketing of all goods from the American colonies |
| Primary cash crop grown and exported by the Virginians | Tobacco |
| Three quarters of all immigrants to early Virginia came as | Indentured servants, who served terms of 4-7 years to a master to pay off their transportation debts Approximately 40% did not live to complete their term of indenture. |
| Nathaniel Bacon's Rebellion, 1676 | Uprising led by wealthy recent immigrant against Va. government, indicated significant class resentment between older and newer immigrants |
| Between 1492 and 1820, Africans outnumbered European migrants to the new world by a ration of | 5 to 1 |
| The Middle Passage | The dangerous journey of imprisoned slaves across the Atlantic to the new world; 15 of every 85 Africans died en route |
| The Virginia Ordinance of 1619 | First governing document, created Counsel of State comprised of landed gentry, General Assembly (House of Burgesses) of common people to meet no more than once per year |
| John Locke helped his employer, Sir Ashley Cooper, to create an ideal governance system for the colony of South Carolina by writing | the Fundamental Constitutions, which called for a governor, a Council of Lords, and Parliament of less wealhty landowners |
| The 1715 war that finally ended the use of Native Americans as slaves in the Carolinas | Yamasee War, named for the Yamasee Indians; before 1715, 30-50,000 Native Americans were taken captive as slaves by Carolina slave traders) |
| The first two French colonies to the new world were | Nova Scotia, 1605; Quebec, est. 1608 by Samuel de Champlain as a base for fur trading with the natives |
| Native allies to the French included the ____, _____, and ____, but did not include the _______ | Montagnais, Algonquins, and Hurons, but not the Mohawks who were members of the Iroquois League, and traded with the Dutch |
| The five nations of the Iroquois League | Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas; n.b. most of these are also names of towns in upstate New York |
| French explorers and traders expanded their fur trade to the western Great Lakes. The most famous of was_______, noted for _____ | La Salle, the first known European to travel the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, in 1682, and to recognize its strategic importance |
| English dissenters, religiously persecuted for separating from the Anglican church, viewed it as irredeemably corrupt, first set anchor in new world at Plymouth, 1620 | The Pilgrims, who emigrated via Holland, where they had settled to escape English persecution; tended to be members of the lower classes |
| Name and content of the first governing document of the Pilgrims | The Mayflower Compact,1620, which called for annual election by Plymouth's adult males of a governor and assistants |
| Second wave of English dissenters, settled Salem and Boston, 1629-30; subject to significant religious persecution; wanted to purify Anglicanism by creating an model "city on a hill" based on the Christian Bible | The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Company, included in their ranks lawyers, merchants, and other well-off and well educated individuals. They obtained a royal charter to most of present Mass. and N.H. |
| Native Americans who assisted the Pilgrims | Squanto, a Wampanoag who had been kidnapped to Europe by English sailors years earlier so was fluent in English |
| Though both had populations of 100,000 by 1700, New England's growth was primarily due to _______________, and the Chesapeake's was primarily due to ________________ | New England: Natural growth Chesapeake: Forced (slavery) and unforced immigration |
| Radical Mass. dissenter, disputed King's right to grant American land without buying it from the Indians; disagreed so profoundly with his fellow Puritan ministers that he had to flee to live with a group of Indians before starting his own colony | Roger Williams, who founded Providence, later Rhode Island, in 1636 |
| Early colonial dissenters and pacifists, refused take oaths, be deferential to superiors, said both men and women could be religious leaders, eventually found refuge in a new colony | Society of Friends, aka the Quakers. In 1681 Charles II made Quaker leader William Penn the proprietor of the new colony of Pennsylvania, which enjoyed spectacular growth because of its policy of broad toleration |
| In contrast to the monoculture practiced by Southern colonies, New England farming was | Subsistence-level, grew multiple crops, family run with few slaves or indentured servants |
| Created in 1686 by King James II to centralize governing authority, provide pan-colonial unity, increase revenue, replace colonial legislatures abolished by James | The Dominion of New England. Was led by Edmund Andros, hated by the colonists, dismantled by William and Mary in 1688 |
| Quick, bloodless coup that sent James II into exile, replaced him with William and Mary | The Glorious Revolution, 1688 |
| Significant colonial social conflicts between established inhabitants of the seacoast and newer immigrants forced to move inland for land included. Points of conflict included economic/social class, religious, ethnic, and political differences | The Paxton Boys, who marched on Philadelphia in 1763; The S.C. Regulators, who threatened to march on Charleston; the N.C. Regulators who fought and lost to the governor's militia in 1771 at the Battle of Alemance |
| Percentage of Americans who were of African descent in 1775 | Twenty percent of Americans were of African descent in 1775 |
| Percentage of African Americans living in the North as of 1775 | Only 10% of African Americans lived outside the South in 1775 |
| The largest slave revolt of the colonial period, which took place in the state with the largest percentage of African Americans | The Stono Rebellion of 1739, in Stono, South Carolina |
| Native People of Virginia | The Pamunkeys and the Powhatan Confederacy |
| Native People of New Jersey | The Lenni Lenapes |
| Native People of North Carolina | The Cherokees |
| Native People of New England | The Algonquians and Narragansetts, Wampanoags |
| Native People of Connecticut | The Pequots |
| Native People of New Amsterdam and New York | The Iroquois and Huron |
| Native People of the Spanish West | The Pueblos |
| Native People of the Maine | The Abenakis |
| Founder of Colony of Maryland | Lord Calvert |
| Leader of Mass. Bay Puritan Colony | John Winthop |
| Leader of Plymouth Colony | William Bradford |
| Founder of Colony of Georgia | James Oglethorpe, idealist who aimed to create a colony of hardworking small farmers and "worth poor" who would produce silk and wine so that England didn't have to import these valuable items |
| Salutary, or Benign Neglect | The practical result of England's inefficient system of colonial governance; gave the American colonies enormous economic and personal autonomy |
| 1754 proposal for pan-colonial cooperation to provide defense against the native tribes | The Albany Plan of Union, presented to delegates of the Albany Congress by Ben Franklin in 1754, and rejected by all colonial legislatures |
| People given large grants of land in the North American Colonies were called this | Proprietors--people who governed proprietary colonies |
| The means by which colonial proprietors made money | Quitrents, fees for use of the land given by the English king to a proprietor |
| Percentage of population that attended church in the Northern colonies between 1700 and 1750 | Scholars estimate that almost 80% of the population of the Northern colonies attended Sunday church services |
Created by:
cjurisson
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