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THE MCAT-CHEM 10
PERIODIC TABLE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| With principal quantum number, how many electrons are there per shell? | 2n^2 |
| Absorption spectrum vs. emission spectrum | -absorption spectrum shows what is absorbed (black lines on rainbow) -emission spectrum shows what is emitted (colored lines on black background) |
| How many electrons does each orbital hold? | 2 |
| What are l, m, s? | -l = subshell (0 -> n-1) -m = magnetic quantum number (-l to l) -s = spin quantum number (+/-1/2) |
| What does magnetic quantum number tell us? | particular orbital within a subshell where an electron is highly likely to be found (orientation of orbital in space) |
| Aufbau principle | shells/subshells of lower energy get filled first |
| Hund's rule | fill each orbital with a single electron with same spin --> e-e repulsion in double occupied orbitals creates high energy |
| Pauli exclusion principle | 2 electrons in same orbital must be of different spins |
| Bohr atom | electron orbiting positive nucleus |
| Effective nuclear charge increases as you move...? | left to right across periodic table |
| Higher effective nuclear charge, more / less stable? | more stable --> higher ionization energy |
| Do alkali metals / alkaline earth metals increase / decrease in reactivity as you go down a group? | increase (increasing radii) |
| Are halogens more / less reactive as you go down a group? | less (increasing radii) |
| What is oxidation state of noble gases? | 0 |
| WHy do transition metals have high conductivity? | loosely bound outer d electrons |
| Transition metals vs. representative elements | -transition metals are d-block -representative elements are s and p block |
| Metals like to (gain/lose) electrons and nonmetals like to (gain/lose) electrons | lose / gain |
| Metals form basic / acidic oxides, nonmetals form basic / acidic oxides. | basic / acidic |
| What is ionization energy? | energy needed to knock off first valence electron |
| What is ionization energy trend? | decreases as you go down because of increasing radii, increases as you go right because of decreasing radii |
| Which group has the lowest ionization energy? Highest? | alkali metals / noble gases |
| Is second ionization higher / lower for first ionization energy? | much higher |
| What is electron affinity | amount of energy released when something gain an electron --> how easily it can gain an electron |
| What is electron affinity trend? | decreases down a group because of larger radii, increases as you go right |
| Which group has highest electron affinity? lowest? | halogens / noble gases |
| What creates an ionic bond? | complete transfer of electrons from electropositive element to the electronegative element |
| What is a covalent bond? | sharing of electrons between elements |
| What is electronegativity? | how much something hordes electrons in a covalent bond |
| What is the most electronegative element? | fluorine |
| Can noble gases be electronegative? | YES --> Kr and Xe |
| The more electronegative,... | the more it hordes electrons |
| Why does atom size decrease across the period? | increasing Zeff and electrostatic interaction |
| What does Zeff refer to in relation to protons and electrons? | strength through which protons in nucleus can pull additional electrons |
| What is trend for Zeff? | increases left to right and stays the same going down a group |
| The higher the Zeff,... | the more tightly electrons are bound to atom |
| Atomic radii trend? | size increases as you go down a column, size decreases as you go across a row |
| Is hydrogen a metal or nonmetal? | nonmetal |
| Where is the most metallic element found? least metallic? | lower right / upper left |
| What is a nucleon? | one of the particle that makes up a nucleus --> either a proton or a neutron |
| Nucleus with a net spin will have odd / even number of nucleons? | odd |
| How many times bigger are ions than electrons? | thousand times |
| What is the lightest ion? | hydrogen |
| Thomson Experiment | existence of opposite charges --> charge is a fixed quantity |
| What is a positron? | has the same mass as an electron but opposite charge |
| What formula to use for mass spectrometry? | mv^2/r = qvB |
| Millikan oil drop experiment? | -charge of electron has fixed value -charge of proton has opposite value |
| What is charge of electron | 1.6E-9C |
| What is the charge of a proton? | opposite of electron 1.6E-9C |
| Rutherford experiment | atoms have dense nuclei with all atomic mass centrally concentrated (uniformly spaced) --> lattice structure |
| Rutherford showed that an atom is mostly? | empty space |
| What is inside the nucleus? | protons and neutrons |
| Heisenberg uncertainty principle | not possible simultaneously to identify a particle's position and velocity at the same time |
| Energy of a photon | E = hv |
| Is more or less energy required to carry out transitions when electrons are close to nucleus? | more energy |
| Hydrogen transitions formula | (1/nf^2 - 1/ni^2) |
| Number of electrons in each shell | 2(n)^2 |
| Mg2+ has 2 more or 2 less electrons? | 2 less electrons |
| What is Zeff? | moving left --> right across a period, add electrons and protons one at a time --> electrons more attracted to positive nucleus and size decreases |
| Calculate Zeff? | #protons - shielding electrons -only electrons in shells below one of interest contribute |
| How does more protons affect size? | smaller |
| What does a shell represent? | energy level an electron can occupy |
| What does an orbital represent? | region in which electron is likely to be found |
| What is a paramagnetic species? | something with one unpaired electron --> susect to B-fields |
| Which elements are diamagnetic? | alkaline earth metals and noble gases |
| What is a cation? | -deficit in at least one electron |
| What is an anion? | -excess of at least one electron |
| What is an excited state electron configuration? | electrons are in an energy level higher than what is standard for ground state |
| Quantum numbers formula | -n / l = n-1 / m=-l to l / up or down |
| What are the possibilities for angular quantum number, l? | 0 --> n-1 |
| What increases from going from left --> right? | ionization energy, electron affinity, eN --> atomic radius decreases |
| Are cations smaller or larger than neutral atoms? Are anions smaller or larger than neutral atoms | -smaller --> more compact -larger --> electron repulsion |
| Within a period, are anions bigger than cations? | YES |
| What defines the radius of an atom? | electrons |
| Is He bigger or smaller than H? | bigger |
| What does an atom become when it is ionized? | a cation |
| Why are the d-elements exceptions to several periodic trends? | half-filled and filled d-shell stability |
| Does the atomic radius of d-elements change a lot? | NO |
| The more protons... | the greater the attractive interactions, smaller the atom |
| What creates higher ionization energy? | less willing to give it up |
| Does increasing valence electrons affect shells? | NO |
| Is I.E. trend clean or erratic? | erratic |
| Trend in eN increases with what? | number of valence electrons |
| What happens when a quantum of energy less than what is required to ionize element is absorbed by element? | electron excited to higher energy state |
| Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett? | UV, visible, Infrared, Microwave |
| What does it mean to have the lowest threshold frequency for photoelectric effect? | material that is easiest to ionize |
| What does electron capture create? | decrease number in atomic number |
| What does positron capture create? | increase number in atomic number |
| A beta particle is positive or negative? | negative --> positive = positron |
| For a first order decay, what is constant? | half-life regardless of concentration |
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