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AP Biology Chapter 1
Definitions for Chapter One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today. |
| scientific inquiry | how scientist raise and attempt to answer questions about the natural world |
| mergent properties | properties that are not present at the preceding level and are due to the arrangment and interactions of parts as complexity increases |
| reductionism | the reduction of complext systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study |
| systems biology | enable biologists to predict how a change in one or more variables will affect other components and the whole system |
| cells | the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life. |
| eukaryotic cells | all forms of plant and animal life - DNA in enclosed in the nucleus |
| prokaryotic cells | found in bacteria and archaea - DNA is not enclosed in the nucleus and lacks other organelles |
| DNA | chromosomes that have almost all of the cell's genetic material - controls the development and maintenance of the entire organism |
| genes | the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offsprings- make up DNA |
| nucleotides | the chain links of DNA that contains four kinds of chemical building blocks - differences in organisms is reflective between differences in their nucleotide sequences. |
| enzymes | a class of protein crucial to all cells which catalyze (speed up) specific chemical reactions |
| proteins | controlled by DNA and serve as the tool that actually build and maintain the cell and carry out its activities |
| RNA | molecule used by DNA to translate into protein production based on the sequence of nucleotides- some regulate the functioning of protein-coding genes |
| genome | the entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits |
| bioinformatics | the use of computational tools to store, organize and analze the huge volume of data that result from high-throughput methods. |
| feedback regulation | the output or product of a process which regulates that very process |
| negative feedback | accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process - example ATP production |
| ATP | chemical energy resulting from a cell's breakdown of sugar |
| positive feedback | an end product speeds up its production - example platlet clotting |
| taxonomy | the branch of biology that names and classifies species |
| domain bacteria | prokaryotic cells |
| domain archaei | prokaryotic cells |
| domain eukarya | eukaryotic cells - include the kingdoms of Plantae, Fungi and Animalia |
| natural selection | the natural environment selects for the propagation of certain traits |
| inquiry | a search for information and explanation often focusing on specific questions |
| discovery science | describing nature using data based on inductive reasoning |
| inductive reasoning | derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations |
| hypothesis based science | explaining nature uses discovery based science to determine causes |
| deductive reasoning | the logic flows from the general to the specific |
| controlled experiment | an experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group- usually the effects of unwanted variables are cancelled |
| theory | much broader in scope than a hypothesis; is general enough to spin off many new specific hypotheses; supported by a much greater body of evidence |
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