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THE MCAT-BIO 6
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What converts CO2 to bicarbonate? | carbonic anhydrase |
| How does CO2 get transported? | dissolved CO2, dissolved bicarbonate (major), bound to hemo, bound to plasma px |
| What is main fxn of circulatory system? | 1. circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hx, ions, and fluids 2. removal of metabolic waste |
| Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through and into? | superior/inferior vena cava --> right atrium |
| What is the path for deoxygenated blood to the lungs? | superior/inferior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs |
| What is path for oxygenated blood from the lungs? | lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta |
| Tricuspid valve | separates right atrium from right ventricle |
| Pulmonary valve | separates right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
| Bicuspid (mitral) valve | Separates left atrium and left ventricle |
| Aortic valve | separates left ventricle and aorta |
| What are the 4 major valves? | tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, bicuspid valve, aortic valve |
| Systolic pressure is when blood is _____ and ventricles are _____ | being pumped / contracting |
| Diastolic pressure is when blood is ______ and ventricles are _______. | not being pumped / relaxing |
| What does pulmonary circulation accomplish? | oxygenates blood and gets rid of CO2 |
| What is pathway for pulmonary circulation? | heart - lungs - back to heart |
| What does systemic circulation accomplish? | provides oxygenated blood to rest of body |
| What is pathway for systemic circulation? | heart - body - back to heart |
| Is there more or less blood pressure in pulmonary vs. systemic circulation? | less |
| When oxygen levels are low, vasodilation / vasoconstriction to tissue? | vasodilation |
| When oxygen levels are low in lungs, vasoconstriction / vasodilation? | vasoconstriction |
| How does blood flow from artery --> vein? | artery - arteriole - capillary - venule - vein |
| What are 2 types of arteries? | -elastic artery (lots of elastic tissue) -muscular arteries (lots of muscle) |
| What are the components of an artery? | endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue |
| Is the aorta active in vasoconstriction? | NO |
| What is the major fxn of arteriole? | controls blood flow to capillaries and vasoconstriction |
| What is the most important site for vasoconstriction? | arteriole |
| What is the importance of vasoconstriction? | determines which tissues get more blood |
| Is capillary involved with vasoconstriction? | NO |
| What is the capillary made of and what is it's major fxn? | -single cell thick endothelium -blood-tissue solute exchange |
| Is there vasoconstriction in a venule? In a vein? | NO / SOME |
| What is major fxn of venule? | merge of capillaries to be conducted to veins |
| What is a vein made of and what is major fxn? | -endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue -return blood back to heart |
| Only _______ (arteries / veins) have valves | veins |
| Rank thickness between artery, arteriole, vein, venule, capillary | artery > vein > arteriole > venule > capillary |
| Blood pressure is highest in the ______. | arteries (esp. aorta) |
| Blood pressure is lowest in ________. | veins (esp. vena cava) |
| Why is BP lowest in veins? | flow resistance brings pressure down |
| What hx increase BP? | ADH, aldosterone, renin, adrenaline |
| Is your blood ever not flowing? | NO --> elasticity of arteries |
| What are the 2 adaptations that help blood flow even at low pressure? | respiratory pump and muscular pump |
| What are continuous capillaries? Where are they found? | -no pores --> may have clefts at cx boundaries -skin and muscles |
| Fenestrated capillaries? Where are they found? | -have small pores that are large enough for nutrients and hx but not for blood cx -found in small intestines, kidneys, endocrine organs |
| What are sinusoidal capillaries? Where are they found? | -large pores so blood cx and lymphoscytes can pass -found in lymphoid tissues, liver, spleen, bone marrow |
| What are 3 layers of centrifuged blood? | plasma, buffy coat (WBCs, platelets), RBCs |
| What is plasma made of? | water, px, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, wastes, hx, ammonia |
| What is the most abundant cx in the body? | red blood cx |
| Why does red blood cx have biconcave shape? | no nucleus, greater gas exchange, easier travel |
| What does hemoglobin transport? | O2 and CO2 |
| Are platelets cx? | NO --> cx fragments |
| Where are RBCs made and what are they made from | -bone marrow / stem cx |
| Where are RBCs destroyed? | spleen**, liver, bone marrow |
| What are the 3 components of hemoglobin? | iron, heme, px (globin) |
| What happens to the iron, heme, globin of hemoglobin during recycling? | -iron = recycled -heme --> bilirubin --> bile --> excreted in feces -globin = broken down to a.a. |
| Where are blood clotting factors produced? | liver |
| What is the general clotting mechanism? | platelet plug formation, coagulation, retraction and repair |
| What is the main coagulation factor? | fibrinogen --> fibrin! |
| hematocrit | % volume that is RBC = 45% |
| Each iron in a hemo can bind ____ oxygen. | one |
| _____ binds oxygen tighter than hemoglobin. | myoglobin |
| _____ binds hemoglobin tighter than oxygen | carbon monoxide |
| What is hemo's lower oxygen affinity associated with? | lower pH and higher temperature |
| When interstitial fluid pressure > lymphatic pressure, what happens? | lymph vessels open and interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries |
| When interstitial fluid < lymphatic pressure, what happens? | lymph vessel flaps close and prevents lymph from leaking out |
| What is a lacteal? | lymphatic capillary in small intestine |
| Where are lymphocytes produced? | bone marrow from blood stem cx |
| Why are there lymphocytes in lymph tissue? | cleans and filters the lymph |
| What is lymph? | stuff that leaks out of capillaries (water, px, WBC, chemicals) |
| Are there any RBC in lymph system? | NO --> only WBC |
| What is the source of lymph? | blood plasma from capillaries - interstitial fluid - lymph - returned to blood |
| Deoxygenated blood from the head and neck returns to the heart via_______. | superior vena cava |
| Deoxygenated blood from lower body returns to heart via __________. | inferior vena cava |
| hepatic portal system | connects vasculatures of intestines and liver |
| hypophyseal portal system | connects vasculatures of hypothalamus and pituitary in brain |
| semilunar valve | -valve btwn arteries and ventricles --> prevent backflow of blood |
| BP in right atrium is _____. | zero |
| cardiac output | total blood volume pumped by ventricle in one minute |
| What closes during a systole? | AV valves |
| What closes during a diastole? | semilunar valve |
| myogenic activity | heart can fire w/o any descending input from nervous system |
| Contraction begins at SA node in right atrium and goes through... | atria - AV node - bundle of His - Purkinje fibers - ventricles |
| What kind of junctions are found in heart? | electrical synapses from gam junctions |
| What slows the pace of the SA node? | vagus nerve |
| Where is bundle of His located? | located in walls separating ventricles |
| What is the problem with faster heartbeats? | less time for blood to enter heart during relaxation |
| WHy do athletes have lower heart rate? | have stronger heart and stroke volume (pump more blood volume per beat so heart doesn't have to work so hard) |
| What nervous system controls the heart? | autonomic nervous system |
| Parasympathetic fibers release ___ to decrease heart rate | AcH |
| Sympathetic fibers release ____ to increase heart rate. | norepinephrine |
| What causes vasoconstriction in arterioles? | sympathetic innervation |
| Which blood vessel regulates BP? | arterioles |
| Why can veins carry large amts of blood? | walls stretch but do not recoil |
| Where is most blood located? | veins |
| Arteries rely on _______, veins rely on ______ to move blood. | elastic smooth muscle / skeletal muscle |
| What are some methods for crossing the capillary wall? | pinocytosis, diffusion, fenestratins, clefts |
| ____ pressure decreases from arteriole to venule. | hydrostatic |
| Rank cross-SA areas, arteries, capillaries, veins | capillaries > veins > arteries |
| Where does blood move the slowest? | capillaries |
| Is blood an ideal flow? | NO |
| Where does the largest drop in pressure occur? | arterioles |
| stroke volume | liters per beat |
| Where is BP highest? | aorta |
| Where are antibodies formed? | lymph tissue |
| What does albumin do? | -transport f.a. and steroids -regulate osmotic pressure |
| Why can't O2 dissolve in aq. env't? | nonpolar |
| What don't RBC have ? | no nuclei, mito, organelles |
| What kind of respiration do RBC use? | anaerobic --> no mito |
| Can RBC divide? | NO |
| What is life for a RBC? | 120 days |
| What kind of mem does a RBC have? | phospholipid membrane |
| What is hemophilia? | malfxn in cascade of clotting reactions |
| What does thromboplastin do? | prothrombin --> thrombin --> fibrinogen --> fibrin |
| What are leukocytes? | cx that have organelles involved in immuen response |
| What are the 2 types of leukocytes? | granular leukocytes and agranulocytes |
| What is difference btwn granulocytes and agranulocytes? | -granulocytes = nonspecific immunity -agranulocytes = specific immunity |
| What do granulocytes include? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| What do agranulocytes include? | lymphocytes and monocytes (nonspecific) |
| What are monocytes? | macrophages that phagocytize foreign matter |
| What are monocytes found in the brain called? | microglia |
| What does HIV cause loss of? | T-cx |
| _____ is the universal recipient blood type and can donate to ______. | Type AB / Type AB -> no antibodies for either |
| _____ is the universal donor and receive from_____ | Type O / Type O --> makes A and B antibodies though |
| What are the 2 major antigen families for blood types? | -ABO antigens -Rh factor |
| Where is blood stored? | spleen |
| What type of immune cx are the most in the body? | neutrophils |
| What is pus? | dead neutrophils and monocytes |
| Lymphatic system | -collect excess interstitial fluid and return to blood through large veins in neck -transport px and fats -equalization of fluid distribution |
| What kind of system is lymphatic system? | open |
| What does lymph empty into? | thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct |
| Lymphoma | malignant lymphocytes grow too fast / live too long and produce tumors |
| Gas exchange is based upon the equilibrium concentration of ____. | oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| How does breathing create thermoregulation? | breathing causes you to lose heat |
| What does diaphragm do when contracts? | increases chest volume, creates negative pressure inside lungs |
| When somebody gives you mouth-to-mouth, what type of pressure is that? | positive |
| Why does surface tension cause lung to collapse? | surface tension wants to create spherical structure |
| What reduces surface tension? | surfactants |
| Intrapulmonary pressure vs. intrapleural presure | -intrapulmonary = inside lung pressure -intrapleural = intrapleural space pressure |
| What does intrapulmonary pressure equal to? Intrapleural pressure? | -atmospheric pressure -less than atmospheric pressure |
| What is pressure differential in breathng? | difference btwn intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure |
| What controls respiration? | medulla oblongata |
| Why is left lung smaller than right lung? | heart |
| Where is cilia found? Problem in microtubule production will affect what? | -respiratory tract, Fallopian, spinal cord -respiration, fertility, circulation of cerebrospinal fluid |
| thoracic cavity | has heart and lungs |
| intrapleural space | space btwn visceral and parietal layers |
| Visceral vs. parietal pleura | -visceral = adjacent to lungs -parietal = adheres to diaphragm and thoracic chest wall |
| What forces air into lungs? | pressure diff btwn negative pressure in intrapleural space and high (atmospheric) pressure in lungs |
| During inhalation, intrapleural pressure ______. During exhalation, intrapleural pressure ______. | -decrease -increase |
| What controls respiration rate? | pH sensitive chemocrx in medulla oblongata |
| hypoventilation | lack of breathing, CO2 increases |
| hyperventilation | too much breathing, oxygen increases, carbon dioxide decreases |
| tidal volume | amount of air htat naturally exhals / inahles |
| What does cholera create? | causes GI to secrete a lot of bicarbonate -->metabolic acidosis |
| Myoglobin has stronger affinity to oxygen than ____ but weaker than ________. | -hemoglobin -cytochrome oxidase |
| The spleen is part of the _____ system. | cardiovascular |
| The trachea is part of the ____ system. | respiratory |
| What is anemia? | abnormally low conc. of hemoglobin in blood |
| Where are lymph nodes found? | groin and neck |
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure | causes fluid to leave the cardiovascular system |
| tissue hydrostatic pressure | forces fluid back into vascular system |
| foramen ovale | allows blood to enter from right atrium to left atrium |
| WHy is fetal circulation complicated? | non-functional lungs and liver |
| ductus venosus | shunts blood flow of umbilical vein directly into inferior vena cava -allows O2-blood from placenta to bypass liver |
| ductus arteriosus | allows blood from right ventricle to bypass fetus' fluid-filled lungs -connects pulmonary artery to aorta |
| Does a fetus breathe? | NO --> receives all nutrients from mother |
| umbilical vein vs. umbilical artery | oxygenated blood vs. deoxygenated |
| carbs and a.a. absorbed in small intestines enter systemic circulation via? | hepatic portal system |
| fats that are absorbed by lacteal in small intestine enter systemic circulation via? | thoracic duct |
| Where is hydrostatic pressure highest? | capillaries --> pushes out |
| What determines blood pressure? | cardiac output and resistance to blood flow |
| Hydrostatic pressure vs. osmotic pressure | -pushing out vs. pulling in |
| What is ideal flow according to Bernoulli? | non-turbulent flow, laminar flow, incompressible fluids |
| What Bernoulli's principle does the cardiovascular match and not mach? | -match: as cross-SA increases, fluid velocity decreases -not match: As cross-SA increases, fluid pressure increases --> fluid pressure is low at capillaries |
| Where is blood velocity lowest? | capillaries |
| Where is the spleen located and what system is it part of ? | left / cardiovascular |
| What side is the liver on? | right |
| What organs regulate BP? | heart and kidneys |
| What does ANF do? | stimulates elimination of sodium and water by kidneys |
| Each heart lub/dub sound correspond to? | closing of a heart valve |
| What creates the first sound of a heartbeat? | closing of mitral and tricuspid valves |
| What creates the second sound of a heartbeat? | closing of pulmonaric and aortic valves |
| What is the main pacemaker of the heart? | SA node |
| Pulse pressure | systolic - diastolic pressures |
| blood pressure of right atrium | zero |
| What is the renin-angiotensin pathway? | -kidneys - renin - angiotensinogen - Angio I - ACE acts on Angio I to convert to Angio 2 |
| What does Angiotensin 2 stimulate? | aldosterone release from adrenal cortex to act on kidneys to increase sodium and fluid retention |
| What are the major factors that influence BP? | blood volume, heart rate, and peripheral resistance to blood flow |
| Does an increase in the number of blood vessels increase or decrease BP? | decrease |
| The pharynx is part of the ____ and the _____. | digestive system and respiratory tract |
| Describe pathway of air into lungs? | nose - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi |
| What is the main force that drives the flow of blood? | pressure gradient |
| What organ releases erythropoietin? What does it do? | kidneys --> stimulates bone marrow to roduce more blood cx |
| What are central chemoreceptors affected by? | changes in CO2 concentration (hydrogen ion) |
| What is the only metabolic pathway that produces CO2? | krebs |
| Where does reabsorption of most peptides and sugars occur? | proximal convoluted tubule |
| Where is the major site for water reabsorption? | loop of henle |
| Do both ventricles pump different amounts of blood? | NO --> the same |
| Sickle cell anemia | genetic dx that causes red blood cx to collapse when they are not carrying oxygen |
| In the atmosphere, what gas percent is the highest? | nitrogen |
| Where are the majority of plasma px synthesized at? | liver |
| Percentage of red blood cells and plasma. | -erythrocytes -45% -plasma - 55% |
| anemia | red blood cx is decreased below normal range |
| What synthesizes platelets? | megakaryocites |
| What secretes erythropoietin and renin? | kidneys |
| What is the largest non-solid organ in the body? | skin |
| Does innate immunity become more efficient upon subsequent exposures? | NO |
| What does Poiseuille's principle say about flow rate and conduction velocity? | both vary directly with radius^4 and both vary indirectly with length -->short and wide = fastest Q = r^4 / viscosity*length |
| How does resistance relate to Poiseuille's principle? | INVERSE R = viscosity*length/r^4 |
| Where is BP and velocity the highest? | aorta/arteries |
| Where is velocity lowest and SA the greatest? | capillaries |
| Where is BP lowest? | veins |
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