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Micro- Metablosim
Metabalism, Genetics, Growth
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | Sum of all chemical reactions in your body that transport energy |
| Catabolism | Large molecule breaking up into small molecules and releases energy (during digestion) |
| Metabolic Pathways | Sequence of chemical reactions that result in catabolism or anabolism |
| Redox Reaction | OIL RIG |
| OIL RIG | Oxidation Is Loss/ Reduction Is Gain |
| Glycolysis start- end | Glucose (C6H12O6)- 2 pyruvic acid |
| Where does glycolysis occur | cytoplasm |
| Glycolysis Net gain ATP & NADH | 2,2 |
| Aerobic reactions require the presence of | Oxygen |
| Transition Net gain NADH | 2 |
| Transition Start- end | 2 Pyruvic Acid- 2 Acetyl CoA |
| Kreb's Cycle Net gain ATP, NADH and FADH2 | 2,6,2 |
| Where does the Kreb's cycle occur? | Cell membrane of prokaryote |
| Electron Transport- for each NADH __ ATP produced, for each FADH2__ ATP produced | 3,2 |
| Anaerobic Respiration- Oxygen is/is not the final e- acceptor? | NOT |
| Anaerobic Respiration- Increased/Decreased ATP yield? | Decreased |
| Fermentation- Does/Does Not require O2? | Not |
| Fermentation's final e- acceptor? | Organic molecule |
| Fermentation- ATP yield? | Low |
| Fermentation- end product resulted due to | final e- acceptor being organic |
| Fermentation- end products.. | Lactic Acid, Ethanol, Acetone, Butyric Acid, |
| What is deanimation? | Ripping off of amine group |
| Where does Photophosphorylation occur? | Chloroplast |
| What is carbon fixation? | creating glucose |
| Psychrophiles | cold loving |
| Psychrophiles OGT | 15C |
| Psychotrophs | Cause food spoilage in fridge |
| Psychotrophs OGT | 20-30C |
| Mesophiles | Most common- all animal pathogens |
| Mesophiles OGT | 25-40C |
| Thermophiles | Heat Loving |
| Thermophiles OGT | 50-60C |
| Extreme Thermophiles OGT | 110C |
| Most Bacteria optimal pH | 6.5-7.5 |
| Most Bacteria die at __pH | 4.0 |
| Acidophiles | Love low pH 1.0 |
| Example of Acidophile | H. Pylori |
| What does H Pylori use for a buffer in media? | peptone |
| How much water does bacteria require? | 80-90% |
| Halophiles | 2-3% [salt] |
| what is the [salt] in our agar in lab? | 1 1/2% [salt] |
| What is the number one chemical requirement of bacteria? | water |
| Where do Chemoheterotrophs get their carbon? | organic molecules |
| Where do Chemoautotrophs and Phototrophs get their carbon? | Carbon Dioxide |
| Why is Nitrogen an important chemical requirement for bacteria? | DNA/RNA & Amine group |
| Why is Sulfir an important chemical requirement for bacteria? | Needed to make amino acids |
| Why is Phosphorus an important chemical requirement for bacteria? | To make DNA/RNA, energy (ATP) |
| Obligate Aerobes | MUST have oxygen to live |
| Faculative Anaerobes | Will use oxygen but do not require it |
| Aerotolerant | Do not use oxygen but can live with it |
| Obligate Anaerobes | Do not use Oxygen will kill them |
| Microaerophiles | Use oxygen but only at extremely low levels |
| solid to liquid at ___C | 100 |
| Liquid to solid at __C | <50 |
| Chemically defined Media | Known exact chemical composition |
| Complex Media | Must contain ALL nutrients, do not know EXACT chemical make up |
| Selective media | Surpresses growth of unwanted bacteria |
| Differentia Media | allows to distinguish between different colonies |
| Enrichment Media | Increases number of desired bacteria rapidly |
| Pure Culture | Streak plate to get back to normal pure culture |
| Most common bacterial division | Binary fusion |
| Binary fusion | cell elongates and DNA is replicated, cell wall and plasma divide, formation of cross wall, cells seperate |
| Generation time | time for cell to divide or population to double |
| Average generation time | 1-3 hours |
| Lag phase | making energy needed to divide |
| Log phase | expenential growth |
| Stationary Phase | number of births equal number of deaths |
| Death Phase | bacteria die at a constant rate |
| during the phase of growth, when is bacteria the most suscpetible? | Log Phase |
| Direct Methods of Microbial growth (4) | plate count, filtration, most probable number and microscope count |
| Indirect methods of microbial growth (3) | Turbidity (spectrophotometer), metabolic activity, dry weight |
| the only way to culture Myobacterium leprae | Armadillo- living culture |
| What is a carbon dioxide incubator and 2 examples | used for obligate anaerobes- jars and Thioglycolate Media |
| Sterilization | free of microbial life; enough heat to kill all pathogens |
| Disinfection | kill ONLY vegetative microbes- not spores |
| 4 ways to disinfect | chemical, UV radiation, boiling water, antiseptic on living tissue |
| Degerming | mechanical removal of microbes |
| how do you degerm | alcohol wipe |
| Sanitization | lower the number of microbes |
| "cide" | to kill |
| "stat" "static" or "stasis" | to inhibit |
| "aseptic" | free of significant contamination |
| 3 Influences of microbial control | type of microbe (resistance), environmental conditions (heat), psychiological state (spores) |
| What is the rate at which microbes die | number divided by time |
| What are 4 influences on the death rate of microbes | number, characteristics (spores), environmental (presence of organics) time of exposure |
| actions of control agent (kill or inhibit)-2 | damage membrane permeability, damage proteins or nucleic acids |
| Physical methods of control- 6 | heat, filtration, low temperature, dessication, osmotic pressure, radiation |
| how does heat destroy microbes | denatures ptns |
| thermal death point | lowest temperature in which kills all bacteria in 10mins |
| thermal death time | minimum time to kill all bacteria at a given temo |
| decimal reduction time "D Value" | time required to kill 90% of bacteria at a given temperature |
| Moist heat | destroys by coagultating proteins |
| Autoclave | Sterilization, 15psi at 121C about 10-15mins will sterilize |
| Pasteurization | enough heat to kill pathogens only |
| pateurization of milk | 72C 15secs |
| pasteurization of UHT milk | 140C for <1 sec |
| how does dry heat kill bacteria | oxidation hot air sterilization 170C 2hours |
| How is the rate of Filtration affected | pore size |
| HEPA | Hih Efficiency Particulation Air filter 0.3 micrometers pore size |
| Ionizing radiation | xray gamma rays e- beams break covalent bonds |
| non ioniing radiation | causes thymine dimers in DNA |
| chemical method of control | disinfectant |
| disinfectant- 10 | phenols- biguanides- halogens- alcohols- heavy metals- surfactants- quatenary amonia compounds- chemical food preservers- antibiotics- aldehydes |
| phenols- example | carbolic acid |
| biguanides- example | chlorhexide |
| halogens- 2 examples | iodine, bleach |
| alcohols- what do they do | denature ptns, dissolve cell membrane |
| heavy metals- example | silver nitrate (newborns eyes) |
| surfactant- example | soaps |
| quatenary amonnium compounds- example | lab benches |
| chemical food preserver | "oate" or "nate" |
| aldehydes- example | 2% cidex- beauty shop |
| genetics | science of heredity- genetic makeup and function |
| chromosomes | cellular structure that carries DNA |
| genes | segements of DNA that code for a functional product |
| mRNA | sequence of nuclieotides that is transcribed from DNA |
| Protein | sequence of amini acids translated from mRNA |
| Phenotype | expression of genotype- observable/measurable |
| DNA of bacteria | single, circular, double helix attached to cell membrane- highly coiled |
| 3' end | sugar |
| 5' end | phosphate |
| what kind of bind do A&T have? | double hydrogen |
| what kind of bind do C&G have? | triple hydrogen |
| DNA helicase | unzips DNA |
| template strand | old strand |
| Which end does DNA polymerase bind at | 3'-5' |
| Leading strand only reads... | 3'-5' |
| while leading strand is assembling, creates | lagging strand |
| lagging strand only reads... | 5'-3' |
| Which strand is the RNA primer placed? | lagging strand |
| okasaki fragments | missing pieces of DNA- must be fixed |
| what repairs okaski fragments | DNA Lipase |
| what is transcription | taking info on DNA transcribe to RNA |
| In transcription "T" is replaced with | "U" Uricil |
| Promotor | 1st gene RNA polymerase binds to |
| Leading (sDNA)- what is the mRNA transcription TACTGAATCTACT | AUGACUUAGAUGA |
| Leading (sDNA)- what is the ASDNA Lagging strand TACTGAATCTACT | ATGACTTAGATGA |
| what is translation | code for mRNA synthesis ptn by assembling amino acids |
| how do you read mRNA? | Codons |
| how many possible codons are there | 64 |
| codon sequence always begins with this... | AUG |
| what kind of bond to codons have | peptide |
| repression | inhibits gene expression- will not be transcribed |
| induction | turns on transcription "remove repression" |
| mutation | any change in genetic material |
| silent mutation | change in 3rd codon position |
| base/substitution "Point mutation" | change in a single nucleiotide which results in the change of the amino acid CUU (Leu)- CCU (His) |
| Nonsence mutation | "STOP" codon in the middle of ptn |
| frame-shift mutation | due to insertion or deletion of nucleiotides |
| spontaneous mutation | mutagens- DNA ligase missed fixing something |
| 3 chemical mutations | nitrous acid, base analogs, benzypyrenes |
| 2 radiation mutations | low does radiation, thymine dimer |
| transformation | gene enters bacteria- DNA ligase adds it to new bacterias dna |
| which gram have sex pili | gram - pulls dna from gram + |
| transduction | transf of DNA via a bacteriophage Virus- DNA- Bacteria |
| plasmids | most genes NOT vital but used for digestion of unusual sugars |
| transpons "jumping genes" | cut themselves out of genes and insert elsewhere |
| recombinant technology "genes" | plasmid is recombinant source E.Coli |
Created by:
aeponton
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