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Ch. 13/14 Zac S. P.3
Open Notes Zac Sippel P.3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Irish Immigration to the U.S. | Causes: Potato famine, starvation, poverty, lack of political freedom. Effects: Jobs, greater freedom and equality, and abundant land. Most immigrants were Catholics. |
| German Immigration to the U.S. | Fled to escape persecution caused by their political activities. Also came for economic reasons: opportunity and freedom from government control. Most were Catholics, Jews, and Protestants. |
| American attitudes about immigrants | Many feared losing jobs to immigrants. Some felt implicitly threatened by them and their cultures and religions. Many American protestants mistrusted the Catholic immigrants due to conflicts between them in Europe. They were called nativists. |
| Effects of Immigration on cities | Caused a rapid growth of cities. Immigrants could only afford to live in tenements (poorly designed apartments with lots of people). Public services were poor (no clean water, public health, etc.) Disease spread quickly. |
| Transcendentalists | Transcendentalism: the belief that people could transcend, or rise above, material things in life. Transcendentalists included: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau. Formed community at Brook Farm, Mass. |
| American Romantic Movement including authors and famous works | Began in Europe. Ideas of simple life and nature. Artists: Thomas Cole, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ann Sophia Stephens, Edgar Poe, Walt Whitman, etc. Works: The Scarlett Letter, American landscape paintings, Moby Dick, etc. |
| Temperance movement | Reform effort urged people to use self-discipline to stop drinking hard liquor. American Temperance Society and American Temperance Union helped spread message about people limiting themselves to beer and wine in small amounts. |
| Common-school movement | Reformers thought that education made children responsible citizens. People wanted all children taught in a common place, regardless of background. Horace Mann was the leader of this movement. Later became Massachusetts secretary of education. |
| Abolitionists movement and leaders | Leaders: William Lloyd Garrison, Angelina and Sarah Grimke, Fredrick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman. American Anti-Slavery Society: members wanted immediate emancipation and racial equality for all African Americans. |
| Women's rights movement, events, and leaders | Leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony. Seneca Falls Convention: first public meeting about women's rights held in the U.S. Declaration of Sentiments: detailed beliefs about social injustice toward women. |
| Wilmot Proviso | Document that stated "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of the territory". Written by David Wilmot. Offered in order to to outlaw slavery in all parts of Mexican cession. Supported by Free-soil Party. |
| Did not pass. And eventually spurred debate that showed growing sectionalism. | |
| Popular sovereignty and the issue of slavery | Popular sovereignty: the idea that political power belonged to the people. Issue of slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty. |
| Compromise of 1850 | California would be accepted as a free state. The rest of the Mexican cession was divided into 2 parts: Utah and New Mexico. Texas gave up it's land claims in NM in exchange for financial aid from the fed. gov. |
| Outlawed slave trade in the District of Columbia and established a new fugitive slave law. Settled more disputes between free and slave states. | |
| Fugitive Slave Act | Made it a crime to help runaway slaves and allowed officials to arrest those slaves in free areas. Slave holders were permitted to take suspected fugitives to U.S. commissioners, who decided their fate. |
| Frederick Douglas | Former slave who was active in anti-slavery. He escaped from slavery when he was 20 and went on to become one of the most important African Americans in the 1800's. Published a newspaper called the North Star wrote several autobiographies |
| that intended to show the injustices of slavery. | |
| 36'30 line | The dividing line from the Kansas-Nebraska Act where the Missouri compromise's restrictions would be eliminated regarding slavery north of it. |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | Anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Spoke out powerfully against slavery. Published in 1852. About Tom, a kindly enslaved African American, who was taken from his wife and sold "down the river" in Louisiana. |
| He is later beaten to death by his owner, Simon Legree. More than 2 million copies were sold. Outraged the South and electrified the nation. President Lincoln even said that she started the war with that book. | |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | A plan that would divide the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase into two territories - Kansas and Nebraska - and allow people in each territory to decide on the question of slavery. |
| Eliminated the Missouri Compromise's restrictions of slavery north of the 36'30 line. | |
| Election of 1852 | Four leading candidates emerged for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1852. Later became clear that none of them would win a majority of votes. Frustrated delegates at the Democratic National Convention turned to Franklin Pierce, a little known |
| politician from New Hampshire. He promised to honor the Compromise of 1850 and the fugitive slave act. Southerners trusted him. | |
| Pottawatomie Massacre ("Bleeding Kansas") | John Brown, from New England, and some of his sons killed five pro-slavery men in Kansas. They dragged them out of their cabins and killed them with swords. They managed to escape capture, and Brown declared that his actions had been ordered by God. |
| Kansas collapsed into civil war, and about 200 people were killed. | |
| Republican Party | Political party united against the spread of slavery. A mix of Whigs, Democrats, Free-soilers, and abolitionists. Made in 1854. |
| Dred Scott v. Sandford case | Dred Scott was born a slave in Virginia. He moved with his slaveholder to the free state of Illinois add then to the Wisconsin Territory. After returning to the South, Scott sued for his freedom. He claimed that because he had lived in a state that |
| banned slavery, he was no longer a slave. The court ruled that because he was a slave, and not a citizen, that he could not sue for his freedom. He was considered property. The court also ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. | |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates | Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas. Both running for Illinois senate. Lincoln wanted to end slavery expansion. He said that democrats were trying to spread slavery across the nation. Talked about the Dred Scott case. Said that blacks were "entitled |
| to all natural rights" listed the Declaration of Independence. | |
| Lincoln's "House Divided" speech | A passionate speech given in 1858 to the Illinois republicans about the dangers of t he disagreement over slavery. Some considered it a call for war. |
| John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia | John Brown planned to seize the arsenal at Harpers Ferry. He hoped to start a slave rebellion, but his raid failed because his slaves were afraid to fight and he and his team were eventually caught and killed. October 16, 1859. He expected to kill |
| or take hostage white southerners who stood in his way. He urged abolitionists to give him money so that he could support a small army. But after nearly two years, Brown's army had only about 20 men. White southerners later attacked Brown, and eight | |
| of his men and three local men were killed. The group then fled into a nearby firehouse in retreat. Colonel Robert E. Lee ordered a squad of marines to storm the firehouse. In a matter of seconds, the marines killed two more of Brown's men and captured | |
| the rest - including Brown. | |
| Lincoln's inaugural speech | In his speech on March 4, 1861, Lincoln said that the country belongs to the people. People have the power to change the government through majority consent. He hoped that southern states would return to the union. He announced that he would keep all |
| government property in the southern states. He tried to convince southerners that his government would not provoke a war, and that they would hopefully return to the union. | |
| Election of 1860 | For the democratic party, there were two candidates, Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge. For the constitutional union party, there was one: John Bell. In the Republican party, Abraham Lincoln and William Seward were the candidates. Lincoln |
| eventually won the election of 1860. |
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