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Unit #2 The New Rep

Unit #2 The New Republic (Laura Hahn)

QuestionAnswer
Alexander Hamilton member of Continental Congress Constitutional Convention represented NY He and others wrote The Federalist Papers,supported ratification of the Constitution. Hamilton was close to Washington, served as his Secretary of the Treasury.
The Alien and Sedition Acts were laws passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and people.
Ambassador represents the United States in its relations with other countries. Ambassadors serve overseas in embassies belonging to the United States.
Amendment is the change in, or addition to, a document; such as the United States Constitution.
Anti-Federalists political leaders who were against the ratification of the Constitution because they thought it gave too much power to the federal govt and didn’t protect the rights of the people.
Appellate jurisdiction is the legal authority of a court to hear appeals from a lower court.
An article is a distinct, often numbered, section of a document.
The Articles of Confederation the first constitution of the United States in 1781. The Articles created a weak national government, and was replaced in 1789 by the Constitution of the United States.
Authority is the right to enforce laws, exact obedience, command, determine or judge.
Benjamin Franklin was an American statesman, a philosopher, scientist, inventor, writer, publisher, the first United States postmaster, and a member of the committee to draft the Constitution. He invented bifocals and the lightning rod and wrote Poor Richard’s Almanack.
The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which restrict the federal government’s power to take away certain basic rights of the people.
Baron de Montesquieu was a French political philosopher who advocated that liberty could only be achieved through a government based on separation of powers and checks and balances.
Cabinet are the secretaries of the executive departments, the vice-president, and other top officials that help the president make decisions and policy.
Checks and balances are the constitutional mechanisms that allow one branch of the government to limit the exercise of power by another branch of government.
Citizen is a member of a political society who owes allegiance to the government and is entitled to its protection and to political rights.
Citizenship is membership in a community, such as a college or business, or membership in a nation with legal rights and responsibilities as a citizen of that nation.
Clause is a separate section of a distinct writing or document.
Commerce is the buying and selling of goods, especially on a large scale, as between cities or nations.
Common good is that which benefits society as a whole; such as, health, safety, and welfare. Also known as the public good.
Compromise is an agreement reached between opposing principles, groups, or individuals by modifying some aspect of each.
The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise attempted to solve the slavery question by forbidding the taxing of exports of slave-produced products in exchange for the end of the import of new slaves to the United States by 1808.
The Great Compromise involved solving the issue over representation in the Leg. branch. Large states would benefit from their population in the House of Reps by receiving greater representation and the smaller states achieved equal status in the Senate with 2 reps per state.
The Three Fifths (3/5th ) Compromise allowed each slave to be counted as 3/5 of a person for population and representation purposes. This allowed the southern states to increase their influence in the House of Representatives.
Concurrent powers are those powers exercised by both the national government and state governments.
Confederation is a group of independent states or nations united under a weak central government that has little influence over the independent states.
Congress is the national legislative body of the United States, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Consent of the Governed was John Locke’s ideas that the government gets its right to govern from the people. This principle is included in the Declaration of Independence.
The Constitution is the framework of Government ratified in 1789, which establishes the government of the United States.
Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787, and was when the Articles of Confederation were discarded and replaced by the United States Constitution.
Delegated powers are those powers expressly granted to the national government by the Constitution. These powers, found in Article I, Section 8, include the authority to provide for the common defense, to coin money, and to regulate commerce.
Democracy is a form of government in which political control is exercised by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives.
Denied powers are limitations on the powers of national and state government. These appear in Article I, Section 9, of the United States Constitution, and prohibit the power to grant titles of nobility, to pass bills of attainder, or to pass ex post facto laws.
Due process is the procedures that guarantee the fair application of the law.
The Due Process Clause is part of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments that guarantees the application of the protections of the Bill of Rights.
Duty/Duties are acts or a courses of action required of one by position, social custom, law, or religion.
Economic institutions are the formal and informal structures which guide or characterize economic activity in a society. Examples would include
Edmund Randolph was a representative from Virginia who helped to author and present the Virginia Plan at the Constitutional Convention.
The Elastic Clause is found in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution and gives Congress the power to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the expressed powers in other clauses in Article I.
The Electoral College is the representatives of each state who cast the final ballot that elects the President and Vice-President. Each state has as many electors as it has members of Congress.
Embargo is a prohibition by a government on certain or all trade with a foreign nation.
The English Bill of Rights (1689) shifted power from the British monarchy to Parliament.
Executive branch is the President and his advisors.
Executive power allows the President to execute, enforce, and administer the law.
Export is a good or service sold to an individual, business or government in another country.
Expressed powers are powers directly stated in the Constitution, in Article I, Section 8, Clauses 1-18. Also known as the delegated or enumerated powers.
Federal is a form of government in which a union of states recognizes the sovereignty of a central authority while sharing powers with political units such as states, powers split between fed/state.
Federal system is one where sovereignty is shared so that in some matters the national government is supreme and on others, the state, regional, or provincial governments are supreme.
Federalism is a form of political organization in which government power is divided between a central government and territorial subdivisions.
The Federalists were supporters of a stronger central government who advocated ratification of the Constitution.
Foreign policy is the politics of the federal government directed to matters beyond United States borders, especially relations with other countries.
The Founding Fathers were members of the Constitutional Convention who helped create the Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation.
Framers of the Constitution were a group of delegates, representing twelve of the thirteen states (Rhode Island excluded), who drafted the United States Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787.
To promote the general welfare is to look out for the common good of all citizens.
George Washington Revolutionary War hero and Patriot leader who served as a rep to the Continental Congresses, commanded the Continental Army, served as the Presiding Officer at the Constitutional Convention, and was unanimously elected to two terms as Pres. of the U.S.
The Hartford Convention of 1815 was a meeting of Federalists to protest the United States’ involvement in the War of 1812.
Impeachment involves charging a public official with a crime for which they can be removed from office.
Implied powers are powers that are delegated to the national government that are suggested by the “necessary and proper” clause, to carry out the expressed powers listed in Article I, Section 8, of the United States Constitution.
Impressment is the practice of government forcing people to serve in the army or navy of a foreign nation against their will. Impressment led to increased tensions between Great Britain and the United States in the early 1800s.
Inherent powers are powers delegated to the national government simply because it is the national government. Certain powers naturally fall under the responsibility of the national government.
James Madison statesman from Virginia, who served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, author of the Federalist Papers, considered the “Father of the Constitution,” and served as the President of the United States for two terms (1809-1817).
James Monroe was a leading Revolutionary figure and negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase. He was the 5th President of the United States (1817-1825) and is well known for the Monroe Doctrine, which announced the United States’ influence in the Western Hemisphere.
John Locke was an English philosopher who advocated for freedom and liberty through the use of a social contract between political leaders and citizens.
John Marshall Federalist leader who served in the House of Reps and as the U.S. Sec of State under John Adams. He is most well-known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and for establishing Judicial Review in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).
The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the law. It is made up of the state and federal courts.
Judicial power is the power to interpret laws, to determine their meanings, and to settle disputes within society.
Judicial review is the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the legislative and executive branches of government. The precedent for Judicial review was established in Marbury v. Madison (1803).
Judicial system is headed by the Supreme Court of the United States. In the United States, this is typically referred to as a dual court system as the federal and state courts address the interpretation of law and manage conflicts about the law.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 was legislation passed by Congress, under the Art. of Confed., that authorized surveys and the division of public lands in the western region, this is considered one of the few achievements of the government under the Articles of Confederation.
The legislative branch is responsible for making laws.
Legislative power is the power to make a law and to frame public policies. Legislative power is typically exercised by legislative branches, such Congress, the General Assembly of Maryland, and the Harford County Council.
Limited government is the philosophy that the powers provided to the legitimate authority (government) should be clearly enumerated and checks put in place to prevent the abuse of its powers.
The Magna Carta (1215) was the first attempt by British nobles to limit the power of the monarchy. It outlined a series of rights that the monarch was not supposed to violate.
Marbury v. Madison (1803) was the Supreme Court case that established the Supreme Court’s power to review the acts of Congress and the President and judge their constitutionality.
The Mayflower Compact (1620) was a document signed by the Pilgrims which established a political society and the guidelines of self-government.
Media is the different means of communicating information to reach large audiences.
Monetary system is the way people in an economy choose to use money to exchange goods and services.
Money is that which is accepted as payment in the exchange of resources, goods, and services; also serves as a unit of account
The Monroe Doctrine is a policy announcing United States opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere announced by President James Monroe.
Nation is a cultural concept for a group of people bound together by a strong sense of shared values and cultural characteristics, including language, religions, and common history.
Natural laws are specific principles held to be derived from nature and binding upon human society in the absence of or in addition to human-created laws.
Natural rights are based on the political theory that maintains that an individual enters into society with certain basic rights and that no government can deny these rights.
Necessary and proper is the clause that grants Congress the Implied Powers; which are not set out in the words of the Constitution. It is located in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18, of the Constitution.
Negotiation is the act of conversing, orally or in writing, to find a solution to a problem or source of discord.
The New Jersey Plan also known as the Small State Plan, called for equal representation in the legislative branch and protection of the interests of the small states.
The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 replaced the Embargo Act and restored trade with all nations except Britain, France, and their colonies.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was one of the few successes of the government under the Articles of Confederation. Legislation was passed by Congress to establish a political structure for the Northwest Territory and to create a system for the admission of new states.
Original jurisdiction is the legal authority of a court to be the first to hear a case.
Pardon is the official release of a person charged with a crime, at the request of a chief executive, which then excuses the individual from the consequences of an offense or crime.
Petition is to make a formal written application requesting government action.
political party is any group, loosely organized, that seeks to elect government officials under a given label.
Popular sovereignty is rule by the people, people are the source of all governmental power and government can exist only with the consent of the governed.
Preamble is a statement in a constitution that sets forth the goals and purposes of government.
Precedent is a previous court decision which is recognized as an authority or guide for the disposition of future cases.
Primary source is a first-hand account of an event, such as a government document, diary, or a letter.
Principle is a basic rule or standard that guides, influences thought, action, and behavior.
Ratify is to grant or vote for formal approval; final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty.
Region is an area with one or more common characteristics of features, which give it a measure of homogeneity and make it different from surrounding areas.
Repeal involves removal or reversal of an authoritative action such as a law.
Reprieve is to temporarily suspend an order for execution or other punishment.
Reserved powers are those powers that belong to the states, which the Constitution does not grant to the national government and does not, at the same time, deny to the states.
Responsibility is a duty, obligation, or burden that a person has to fulfill.
Rights are fundamental freedoms and privileges accorded to a person.
Roger Sherman was an American statesman from Connecticut who is credited with creating the Great Compromise that solved the large vs. small state conflict at the Constitutional Convention.
Rule of law is the principle stating that the law applies to government officials as much as to ordinary citizens.
Search warrant is a court order signed by a judge describing a specific place to be searched for specific items.
Separation of powers is the division of governmental power among several institutions, such as the branches of government (Executive, Judicial, Legislative), that must cooperate in decision-making.
Social contract is that a nation exists due to the will of the people and that the power stays with the people, which the nation protects.
Sovereignty is supreme and absolute authority within territorial boundaries.
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States, created and described by the Constitution in Article III.
Tariff is a system of duties (fees) imposed by a government on imported or exported goods.
Tax is a mandatory payment to the government, imposed on individuals, groups, and businesses to enable government to provide services.
Tecumseh was a Shawnee chief who attempted to form an Indian confederation to resist white settlement in the Northwest Territory.
Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book, Leviathan, established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy.
Thomas Jefferson was an American statesman, and member of the Continental Congresses, the main writer the Declaration of Independence and also served as the 3rd President of the United States (1801-1809).
Trade is to engage in the exchange, purchase, or sale of resources, goods, or services.
Treasury bonds are currency notes issued by the United States Treasury Department that are payable to the owner at an established time in the future.
The Treaty of Ghent signed by the United States and Great Britain, officially ended the War of 1812.
Unconstitutional is contrary to constitutional provision and therefore illegal, null and void, and of no constitutional or legal force.
Unicameral is a single house legislative body.
The Virginia Plan also known as the Large State plan, sought to increase the influence and power of the larger states by making representation in the legislative branch based on population; with larger state populations receiving greater representation and power.
War Hawks members of Congress who wanted to declare war against Great Britain after the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Great Britain. It is considered by many to be the Second American Revolution.
The Whiskey Rebellion was a protest of small farmers in Pennsylvania against new taxes on whiskey.
William Patterson was an American statesman from New Jersey who is credited with authoring and presenting the small state or New Jersey Plan at the Constitutional Convention.
Created by: lauhahn
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