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What activities in the body needs calcium?
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Where are calcium stored?
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Calcitropic Hormones
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What activities in the body needs calcium? | hemostasis membrane excitation stabilization of membranes intercellular adhesion muscle contraction excitation/secretion process neurotransmitter release production and maintenance of bone |
| Where are calcium stored? | stable pool - mature bone labile pool - newly formed bone |
| What is the Ca+ ECF concentraion | 8.5-10.5 mg/dl |
| What are 3 fractions of Ca in ECF? | Ionized - biologically activated Protein bound - albumin complexed difussible = ionize + complex non-diffusible - protein bound |
| What are Calcitropic Hormones? | regulate plasma Ca, phophate, magnesium Vitamin D3 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Calcitonin |
| Mechanism of Vitamin D3 | first hydroxylation (liver) -> 25-OH vit D (calcidiol) - second hydroxylation (kidney) -parathormone ->>Vit D3 (calcitrol, cholecalciferol) 1,25-dihydroxy vit D |
| stimulant for Vit D3 | PTH Insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) |
| Inhibitor for Vit D3 | fibroblast-derived growth factor 23 (FGF-23) high blood levels of calcium and phosphate |
| What are PTHrP? | minerilization of chondrocytes and citical development of mammary glands, skin and hair follicles high PTHrP = malignant tumor squamous cell carcinomas, breast carcinomas |
| What is the function of PTH? | increase plasma calcium levels |
| What is the function of calcitonin? | opposes action of PTH decrease osteoclast activity |
| What is the stimulus for calcitonin? | >10.5 mg/ml Ca concentration |
| What are C Cells? | parafollicular cells in the thyoid gland - make calcitonin |
| What are the clinical manifestations of Hyperparathyroidism? | nephrolithiasis w/ pyelonephritis polyuria and polydipsia salt and pepper bone - osteoporosis tired, irribility, lability GI problems hypertension - pheochromocytoma band/limbus keratopathy hypercalcemia |
| What are the differential diagnosis w/ hyperparathyroidism? | Diabetes - polyuria, polydipsia Cushings - hypertension, demineralization, tireness irribility Addisons - GI problems Thyrotoxicosis - hypercalcemia grave's Disease - hypercalcemia |
| What are the characteristics of hyperparathyroidism | hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia genes - MEN1 MEN2a causes - adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinomas patho - severity parallels hypercalcemia= parathyroid gland |
| What is the cause of Hypoparathyroidism? | removal of parathyroid <7 mg/ml Ca |
| What are the Clinical manifestations of Hypoparathyroidism? | Tetany Trousseau Sign - carpopedal spasm of blood pressure photophobia, diplopia, pseudomotor cerebri, spicules and PSC, eye twitching, vit D defiency Chovstek Sign - unilateral spam of facial muscle Convulsion in children hyperreflexia |
| What is the result of Vitamin D Deficiency? | children - rickets adults - osteomalacia |
| What is the cause of Band Keratophaty? | hypercalcemia chronic uveitis long term use of chronic pilocarpine (glaucoma meds) |
| What is the treatment for Band Keratopathy? | chelating agent EDTA anesthetic drops cycloplege with atropine |
| What is Band Keratopathy? | calcium precipitate or cloudy area that covers visual axis starts nasally and temporally occurs in bowman's membrane layer |
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prinny916
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