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COMM469Y - Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osborne: Archetypal Metaphors | Trans-generation + Cross-cultural appeal. Grounded in prominent human experience & motivation with highly persuasive potential that alters perception and causes action. |
| Types of Archetypal Metaphors (Osborne) | 1. Hi-Low : Greater/Lesser Power, Moral/Baseness. 2. Light-Dark: Sight/Blindness, Warmth/Coldness, Midnight/Dawn (black/white). 3. Disease & Remedy: Threat/Assurance. 4. Inevitability/Determinism: Dark gives way to light. |
| What are metaphors and how do they work? (Osborne) | Metaphors suggest new possibilities for meaning (hypothesis), they are key vehicles for rhetorical argument by means of symbols/language, they alert perceptions and often call for moral/responsive action. |
| What are myths and how do they work? (Eliade) | Human behavior and elements of civilization. To Eliade they represent both the sum of ancestral traditions and the norms it is important not to transgress. They create exemplary models for a whole society and teach how to live, explain identity & destiny. |
| What is mythical behavior? | Model penetrates reality (connection). Invites stepping out of the mundane (transcendence). Participate in original model (ritual). |
| Why do human beings need society? | Humans are social creatures who need purpose and ideas by means of language, identity and society. |
| What is society? | A process that is created and maintained through communication. A product of culture that structures human relationships. It is ongoing and not static. It occupies spaces geographically and marks boundaries by membership and distinction. |
| How does society provide structure? | The use of identity/roles (birth/family), language (nomos/naming, gender & gender meaning), and rules (socialization, attitudes, values, and habits). |
| What role/functions does religion serve in constructing society/social reality? | Religion amplifies meaning, fuels courage, gives reason to persevere, puts life in perspective (the sacred & the profane). Helps us to stabilize critical things to avoid social and individual sense of chaos. |
| Externalization & Internalization (Berger) | Externalization: Humans have to create their own worlds, and they do this by digging into their own thoughts, ideas, dreams, inspiration. Internalization: Understanding self/others in terms of culture, membership, self-value, autonomy (self-governance). |
| What is Nomos? (Berger) | Naming, a means of ordering and giving meaning to human experience. |
| What is Anomy? (Berger) | Radical separation from the social world; experience of wordlessness. (Slaves, Women, Divorced people, dead people.) |
| What are the ways social stability is typically maintained, according to Berger? | Via Nomos—social identities, rules, and practices—must be affirmed & legitimized regularly to maintain stable communities. Rituals, laws, everyday activities, arts, special occasions, anthems, entertainment, etc. |
| What is Socialization? | Training/rearing – start young/early. Process of teaching ideas of community membership. |
| What is legitimation? | Justification – the strongest way to induce cooperation/avoid resistance is for members to internalize cultural nomos. i.e. they willingly “buy into” identity, practices, lifestyle, etc. |
| How does legitimation work? | Preempt threats to rules, norms and institutions, rehabilitates individuals and practice. Veils “constructedness” of reality, and religion is the justification. |
| Sarah Moore Grimke’s Letters on the Equality of the Sexes | Gender & the public sphere, women in public and equality. Female, Christian, white, southern, used many references. Challenges the churches motivations and morality, women are not supposed to submit to men. |
| What is Objectivation? | Status by which the created human world (and its products) attain a status that is apart from and other than their inventors. |
| What is American civil religion? | Bellah - A collection of beliefs, symbols and rituals with respect to sacred things and institutionalized in a collectivity.” |
| What is the special relationship between the U.S. presidency and American civil religion? | The President has obligations to God, the country, and to God and the country. Hart. |
| What religio-symbolic roles are associated with the American president? | Novak says the President is a priest, prophet and a king. Head over the country’s holy calendar, scared cities and monuments. Pilgrimages, its consecrate mounds and fields. |
| What is civic piety? | The people and God. How the government incorporates church and state. |
| What is inertia? | A tendency to do nothing or to remain unchanged: "bureaucratic inertia". A property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is... |
| What are rhetorical obstacles? | Audience (target, agents of change, interests inertia, capability.) Subject (cultural history, complexity, cost.) Rhetor’s Ethos (reputation, identification, social power.) |
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