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A.P.U.S.H. Domestic
Domestic Policy (Truman-Bush)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Truman do upon taking over the presidency? | Expanded the New Deal and replaced Roosevelt's cabinet with his own more conservative cabinet. |
| What did President Harry Truman do with the New Deal? | He added twenty-one points on 9/6/1945, which included expanding unemployment insurance and minimum wage, making the Fair Employment Practices Committee permanent, improving low income housing, developing national river valleys and a public works program. |
| How did the United States react to Japan's surrender in 1945? | The United States demobilized and moved on to more congenial pursuits. |
| How did President Harry Truman prevent a depression from occurring during the American demobilization? | Truman supported Social Security benefits, the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, and the American public fostered consumerism. |
| What was the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944? | The legislation, also known as the GI Bill of Rights, that gave $13 billion for military veterans to get education, vocational training, medical treatment, unemployment insurance, business loans, and housing loans. |
| What was the economic problem President Harry Truman faced? | Truman endured inflation and the strikes that followed. |
| How did President Harry Truman respond to the strikes? | Truman endorsed wage increases to promote purchasing power, seized the railroads and mines, tried to draft strikers into the military, and wanted to renew the Office of Price Administration for another year. |
| What was the significance of the United Automobile Workers' Strike in 1946? | It set a precedent for dealing with labor strikes, which caused a series of price-wage spirals to plague consumers. |
| What was the Employment Act of 1946? | The legislation, for which the Democrats originally proposed the government offer full-employment guarantees; however, the Conservatives bargained down to a Council of Economic Advisers. |
| What was the Council of Economic Advisers? | The three-member group, which resulted from the Employment Act of 1946, that appraised the economy and advised the president. |
| What was the Atomic Energy Commission? | The resolution to the debate over government or civilian control of atomic energy, which took the form of a civilian commission that Congress appointed in 1946. |
| What was the Taft-Hartley Labor Act of 1947? | The legislation that banned the closed shop, unfair union practices and strikes, while permitting a union shop unless the state law said otherwise, union politics unless they were Communist, employers to act against unions. |
| How did President Harry Truman respond to the Taft-Hartley Labor Act of 1947? | Truman vetoed the Act, but it was passed regardless. |
| What was Operation Dixie? | The Congress of Industrial Organization's drive to win unions a more secure foothold in the South, which suffered from the overriding Taft-Hartley Labor Act. |
| How did President Harry Truman cooperate with his conservative Congress? | Truman and Congress disagreed over labor and tax reduction, but they agreed on government reorganization and foreign policy. |
| What was the National Security Act of 1947? | Th legislation that created the National Military Establishment, the National Security Council, and the Central Intelligence Agency, as well as, made the Joint Chiefs of Staff permanent. |
| How did World War Two influence race relations in the United States? | The United States government sponsored racist sentiments against German Nazis, Italian Fascists, and Japanese Imperialists, which encouraged Americans to become more conscious of equality between the races within their own nation. |
| How did the Cold War influence race relations in the United States? | The United States needed to appear more moral than the Soviet Union. |
| What was the Committee on Civil Rights? | The group established by Truman to investigate violence against blacks and recommend preventative actions, like the renewal of the Fair Employment Practices Committee, creation of a permanent committee, and denial of aid to states that segregated schools. |
| What did President Harry Truman do for the African-American Civil Rights Movement in 1948? | Truman banned racial discrimination in the hiring of federal employees on 7/28/1948. |
| Who was Jackie Robinson? | The first African-American to integrate major-league baseball as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. |
| What were the political divisions before the Election of 1948? | The Southern Democrats resented Truman's civil rights policies, while others had broken into the Progressive Citizens of America that supported Henry Wallace and the Americans for Democratic Action that supported Truman's aggressive anti-Communism stance. |
| What did President Harry Truman promise in his State of the Union address in 1948? | Truman promised civil rights, education, unemployment benefits, health insurance, housing funds, rural electrification, higher minimum wage, admission of foreign refugees to the United States, the Marshall Plan, and tax credit. |
| Who was Thomas E. Dewey? | The New York governor that ran against Truman on a New Deal, bipartisan foreign policy, and higher efficiency platform. |
| Who was Strom Thurmond? | The South Carolina governor that ran against Truman on a States Rights platform for the Dixiecrat party. |
| What was the Fair Deal? | The domestic policy Truman proposed during his second term, which raised minimum wage, expanded Social Security, extended rent controls, increased farm subsidies, and implemented a public housing program. |
| What did President Harry Truman do to combat potential subversives in the government? | Truman subjected all government employees to a background check as of 3/12/1947. |
| What was the Alger Hiss case? | When Whittaker Chambers told the House Un-American Activities Committee that Alger Hiss had given him secret documents ten years previous, a trial ensued, which resulted in Hiss being convicted of perjury, although Truman believed him. |
| What was the Smith Act? | The legislation that outlawed any conspiracy to advocate for the overthrow of the government in 1940. |
| Who was Joseph R. McCarthy? | A senator from Wisconsin, who accused many people of being Communists. |
| What was the McCarran Internal Security Act? | The legislation that overrode Truman's veto in 1950 and made it unlawful to combine, conspire or agree with any other person to perform any act which would substantially contribute to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship. |
| What was the defining characteristic of the United States after World War Two? | The United States was economically prosperous and dominated international trade. |
| What was the impact of the GI Bill of Rights? | It democratized high education and dismantled some of the class-based barriers, but it could not diminish the race-based barriers because there was not enough money in the African-American communities to support the demand. |
| What differentiated the United States before World War Two from the United States afterwards? | The United States became more dispersed after World War Two. |
| What was the "sunbelt"? | The term coined in the 1970s to denote the urban population growth, which occurred in the South, Southwest, and the West. |
| Who was Willis Haviland Carrier? | The inventor of air conditioning, which became popular in the 1950s. |
| Who was William Levitt? | The leader of the suburban revolution during the 1950s and was the inspiration for the name "Levittown". |
| What was "white flight"? | The rapid movement of white Americans out of the cities to the suburbs, while African-Americans moved in. |
| What was the Great Black Migration? | The massive movement of African-Americans from the South to the northern cities following WWII; however, they continued to face racism and discrimination. |
| What was the role of women during the post-WWII era? | Women were supposed to be increasingly domestic due to the rapid birthrate. |
| What did President Dwight Eisenhower do in response to the Cold War? | Eisenhower implemented a religious campaign to put "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance and "In God We Trust" on all currency to combat communism in 1953. |
| What was the social impact of the religious revival in the 1950s? | The religious leaders, like Reverend Norman Vincent Peale encouraged the suburban lifestyle as God' will through feel-good theology. |
| What was Neo-Orthodoxy? | The theological system advocated for by Reinhold Neibuhr that criticized those who used faith as a sanction for the status quo. |
| Who was John Kenneth Galbraith? | The economist that reminded the United States that the nation still suffered from high poverty rates in 1958. |
| Who was John Keats? | The poet that criticized the conformity of the United States in 1960. |
| Who was David Riesman? | The 1950 author who differentiated between inner-directed people that follow core values given to them by their parents and other-directed people that adopted a sycophantic lifestyle, which made them less successful. |
| Who was Dr. Benjamin Spock? | The author who said that parents should raise sycophantic children in 1946. |
| Who was C. Wright Mills? | The sociologist who attacked the attributes and influence of modern corporate life in 1951. |
| What were the themes in art and literature during the post-World War Two era? | The image of Americans as hollow individuals trying to find true emotions, fighters against an oppressive society, isolated, and desiring freedom. |
| What were the Beats? | The controversial group of artists including, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Gary Snyder, William Burroughs, and Gregory Corso, who grew out of Greenwich Village and rebelled against war and conformity as a means of self-transformation. |
| What was the "Silent Generation"? | The college students during the post-WWII era that were content to party before becoming corporate conformists; however, juvenile delinquency soared. |
| Who was Elvis Presley? | The first rock-and-roll star that embodied the nonconformist mentality many youth were embracing. |
| Who was President Dwight D. Eisenhower? | The Republican, General, President of NATO, who won the Election of 1952. |
| What was the Twenty-First Amendment? | The Constitutional amendment that forbade a president from serving more than two terms, but did not apply to Truman, though he resigned. |
| What was "Dynamic Conservatism"? | Eisenhower's domestic policy that employed conservatism for economics, such as tax reduction for the wealthy and liberalism for social issues, such as the New Deal. |
| What was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation? | The unit that Eisenhower abolished, which had previously regulated wages and prices, and raised farm-price subsidies. |
| What was the St. Lawrence Seaway? | The opening of the Great Lakes that enabled oceangoing ships to pass through using locks and dredging. |
| What was the Interstate Highway System of 1956? | The legislation that authorized the government to build 42500 miles of highway for commerce, defense, and private convenience. |
| How did President Dwight D. Eisenhower respond to McCarthyism? | Eisenhower disliked McCarthy, but he stiffened the anti-Communist security and allowed the courts to electrocute Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for transmitting atomic secrets to the Russians. |
| What was the Warren Court? | The Supreme Court under liberal Chief Justice Earl Warren of California from 1953-69, which advocated for social and political change, while supporting individual rights for security programs and loyalty requirements. |
| What did the Warren Court do to the Smith Act? | The Court made sure it applied to only conspirators with those advocating for revolutionary action, which undermined the Act. |
| What did President Dwight D. Eisenhower do for African-American Civil Rights? | Eisenhower desegregated public services, navy yards, and veterans' hospitals in the Capitol, but he believed the judicial branch would have to lead the movement. |
| Who was Thurgood Marshall? | The African-American attorney that advocated for civil rights through the justice system. |
| What was Sweatt v Painter? | The Supreme Court case that forced the state of Texas to make the all-black law school equal to the all-white law school in 1950. |
| What was Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas? | The Supreme Court case that desegregated schools in 1954. |
| What were the Citizens' Councils? | The upper and middle class versions of the Ku Klux Klan that used economic coercion to "discipline" African-Americans. |
| What was the "Southern Manifesto"? | The Congressional statement that denounced Brown v. Board of Education an abuse of judicial power in 1956. |
| Who was Harry F. Byrd? | The Virginia senator who advocated for "Massive Resistance" to desegregation. |
| Who was Mrs. Rosa Parks? | The African-American seamstress who was arrested for civil disobedience on the Montgomery bus on 12/1/1955. |
| Who was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.? | The leader of the nonviolent civil rights movement. |
| What was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference? | The group of associates organized by Dr. MLK Jr. in 1957, who maintained the spirit of the bus boycott. |
| What was the Civil Rights Act of 1957? | The legislation that enabled African-Americans to vote and created the Civil Rights Commission, as well as a Civil Rights Division in the Justice Department. |
| What was the Civil Rights Act of 1960? | The legislation that enabled federal court referees to register African-Americans to vote, if there was a pattern of discrimination in the area. |
| What were the effects of the Civil Rights Acts? | There was no increase in voter turnout because the Acts required vigorous presidential enforcement. |
| What happened in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957? | Governor Orval Faubus called in the national guard to protect nine African-Americans who were integrating the school, but he closed the schools in 1958 until 1959. |
| What was the relationship between religion and the campaign of President John F. Kennedy? | JFK was a Catholic, but he believed in the separation of church and state. |
| What were the most important factors of the Election of 1960? | JFK's religious stance, JFK appeared better on the TV, and JFK supported Dr. MLK Jr. and the Civil Rights movement. |
| What was the New Frontier Domestic Campaign? | JFK's domestic policy. |
| What did Congress prevent President John F. Kennedy from accomplishing? | Congress blocked increasing federal aid for education, providing health insurance for the aged, creating a Department of Urban Affairs, assisting unemployed youths or migrant workers or mass transit, and cutting taxes. |
| What was the Alliance for Progress? | The program JFK created to assist Latin America. |
| What was the Peace Corps? | The program JFK created in 1961 to supply volunteers who would provide educational and technical services abroad. |
| What was the Trade Expansion Act of 1962? | The legislation JFK passed that led to tariff cuts of about 35 percent on goods traded between the United States and the European Economic Community, otherwise known as the Common Market. |
| What was the Housing Act? | The legislation JFK passed that gave $5 billion for urban renewal over four years. |
| What was the Area Redevelopment Act of 1961? | The legislation JFK passed that provided nearly $400 million in loans and grants to "distressed" areas. |
| What was Gideon v. Wainwright? | The Supreme Court ruling in 1963 that every felony defendant be provided with a lawyer regardless of their financial condition. |
| What was Escobedo v. Illinois? | The Supreme Court ruling in 1964 that every person accused of a crime be allowed to consult a lawyer before being interrogated by the police. |
| What was Miranda v. Arizona? | The Supreme Court ruling in 1966 that an accused person in custody has the right to remain silent, know anything they say can be used against them in court, and have a defense attorney present during the interrogation. |
| What was "militant nonviolence"? | A staple of the African-American civil rights movement that was established by Dr. MLK Jr. that called for aggressive nonviolence. |
| What was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee? | The student counterpart to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference established in 1960. |
| Who was James Meredith? | The African-American that integrated Ole Miss with the help of RFK, against the wishes of the Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett. |
| What was the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom? | The high point of the integrationist phase of the African-American civil rights movement on 8/28/1963. |
| Who was Harvey Lee Oswald? | The individual who shot JFK on 11/22/1963 and was shot by Jack Ruby. |
| What was President Lyndon B. Johnson's presidential dream? | Johnson wanted to be the ultimate American utilitarian. |
| What was the Revenue Act of 1964? | The legislation that Johnson passed to boost the economy. |
| What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964? | The legislation that Johnson passed to prohibit racial segregation in public facilities and discrimination in the hiring or voting processes. |
| What was President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty? | Johnson's passed an economic opportunity bill with a Jobs Corps for inner-city youths, Head Start for preschoolers, work-study, grants for farmers, loans to for hiring the disabled, Volunteers in Service to America, and the Community Action Program. |
| What was President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society? | The United States without poverty and racial injustice. |
| Who was Barry Goldwater? | An author who advocated for conservatism and wanted to abolish the income tax, sale of the Tennessee Valley Authority, and Social Security in 1960. |
| What was the American Medical Association? | The group that had originally advocated against a comprehensive medical insurance program, but began to support it and allowed it to be made into law in the form of Medicare with the attachment of Medicaid to pay the states for Medicare in on 7/30/1965. |
| What was the Appalachian Regional Development Act? | The legislation in 1966 that Johnson passed that gave $1 billion for programs in remote, impoverished mountain districts. |
| What was the Housing and Urban Development Act? | The legislation in 1965 that Johnson passed that gave $3 billion for urban renewal and constructed 240000 public housing units. |
| Who was Robert C. Weaver? | The first African-American cabinet member and the head of the Department for Housing and Urban Development. |
| What was the Immigration and Nationality Services Act? | The legislation in 1965 that Johnson passed to treat all races and nationalities equally, implemented hemispheric ceilings instead of national quotas, and allowed the entry of immediate family members of American citizens not to be included in the limit. |
| What was the Highway and Traffic Safety Act? | The 1966 legislation that Johnson passed to establish safety standards for automobile manufacturers and highway design. |
| What was the Higher Education Act? | The 1965 legislation that Johnson passed to provide scholarships for college students. |
| What was the major criticism of the War on Poverty? | It transformed the United States into a welfare state. |
| What was the Voting Rights Act? | The 1965 legislation that Johnson passed that allowed the attorney general to dispatch federal examiners to register voters, as well as suspended fraudulent devices that prevented African-Americans from voting. |
| Who was Stokely Carmichael? | The head of the SNCC in 1966 and advocated for separatism and black power, thus ousting white members from the group. |
| Who was H. Rap Brown? | The successor of Carmichael, who advocated for the killing of whites. |
| What was the Black Panther Party? | A self-professed urban group of African-American revolutionaries that employed violent means to achieve equality and were founded in Oakland, CA by Huey P. Newton and Eldridge Cleaver, and included Malcolm X. |
| What were the positive impacts of the Black Power Movement? | It helped African-Americans take more pride in their heritage and drew attention to the impoverished. |
| Who was James Earl Ray? | The assassin who killed Dr. MLK Jr. on 4/4/1968. |
| Who was Sirhan Sirhan? | The Palestinian assassin, who killed RFK on 6/5/1968 out of resentment for JFK's support of Israel. |
| Who was George Wallace? | The Independent Party candidate in the 1968 election, who advocated for civil rights. |
| Who was Richard Nixon? | The Republican Party candidate in the 1968 election, who ran on a stability and order platform that appealed to the "silent majority" of middle class, white Americans. |
| What was the Students for a Democratic Society? | The group formed in 1960 by Al Haber and Tom Hayden from the University of Michigan, who drafted the Port Huron Statement that included complaints regarding the lack of individual freedom and the increased conformity and institutionalization. |
| What was the New Left? | The grassroots democracy movement of the 1960s, which collapsed by 1971 due to the sharp decline in support and the extreme fractioning. |
| Who was Mario Savio? | The leader of the students' free speech movement in 1964. |
| Who were the Yippies? | A nihilistic group called the Youth International Party that were determined to create anarchy because it was fun during 1968. |
| Who were the Weathermen? | An extreme faction of the SDS, which engaged in extreme violence. |
| What was the Counterculture movement? | A 1960s and 70s movement that consisted of liberation from institutions, harmony, peace, love, and art, but they became dependent on government institutions due to the nature of their lifestyle. |
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