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Orange Notes
Honors 11 History Notes (Great Depression --> WW2; F. Scott Fitzgerald)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What actual event marked the beginning of the Great Depression? | Stock market crash (1929) |
| What was the real cause? | Weakness of the New Era economy |
| What was the most damaging economic aspect? | Unequal distribution of wealth |
| What kept prices artificially high and rigid? | Oligopolies |
| What 2 things furthered the problem? | -weaknesses in industries -poor management and regulation of banks |
| What also contributed? | International economic difficulties |
| By 1930, what happened? | Industrial production plummeted |
| By 1932, how much of the labor force was unemployed? | 1/4 or 25% |
| By how much did personal income drop between 1929 and 1932? | 1/2 or 50% |
| What group was hit especially hard by the Depression? | Farmers |
| How much did commodity prices fall? | 55% |
| Where were urban families moved to (destitute and homeless lived here)? | "Hoovervilles" a.k.a. shantytowns |
| Why were women less likely to be fired? | Lower paying jobs |
| Who did not work? | Married women |
| Men displaced women as what 3 occupations? | -teachers -social workers -librarians |
| What rates fell? | -Divorce -Birth rates |
| When fired, who were often humiliated and despondent (esp. gloomy, dejected, etc.)? | Husbands and fathers |
| What new responsibilities developed among women (to lower expenses/raise money)? | -became wage earners -more household duties |
| What happened to children? | -went hungry -stayed home from school -gave up future plans |
| As hopes faded, what increased? | Family conflicts |
| When it came to "last hired, first fired", what groups faced the greatest difficulties? | Racial minorities |
| In unemployment rates, whose doubled those of who? | Blacks' doubled those of whites' |
| Who received less aid? | Minorities |
| Concerning smaller number and poorer paying jobs, who faced increasing competition? | Hispanic Americans |
| Who fought the depression more than any past president? | President Hoover |
| What did President Hoover rely on over government action? | Voluntary private relief |
| Even though Hoover encouraged business organizations to fight the depression, what was he unable to do? | Secure corporate cooperation |
| When voluntary relief efforts fell far short, what did Hoover veto? | Congressional plan to aid the unemployed |
| What 2 other things did Hoover do? | -pushed through a tax cut -Reconstruction Finance Corporation |
| In the 1932 election, who was the Republican candidate? | Hoover |
| In the 1932 election, who was the Democratic candidate? | Roosevelt (FDR) |
| How did Roosevelt win? | Landslide election |
| During his first 100 days in office, what did FDR do? | Passed large body of legislation |
| What did FDR address first? | Banking crisis |
| What did FDR begin? | Fireside chats |
| Name that Act: reformed the financial industry and created the Securities Exchange Commission | Glass-Steagall Act |
| What were 2 other reforms FDR put into place? | -Home Owners Loan Corporation -Farm Credit Administration |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): What does it do? | Guarantees bank deposits |
| What regulates trading practices in stocks and bonds? | Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) |
| What subsidized farmers if they did not plant crops? | Agricultural Adjustment Administration |
| In 1935, by how much had gross farmer income risen? | 1/2 or 50% |
| The "right" Conservative critics claimed that the New Deal had expanded government activity and what? | Increased regulation weakened autonomy of the American business |
| What did the "left" critics claim? | The New Deal had not reached the poor, including racial minorities. |
| What happened because of the "left" and "right" critics? | Increase of strikes |
| What guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and banned employers from using unfair labor practices? | Wagner Act |
| What did the Social Security Act do? | Provided unemployment compensation, old-age pensions, and aid for dependent mothers. |
| What did the Banking Act of 1935 do? | Increased the authority of the Federal Reserve Board. |
| The Resettlement Administration focused on what? | Land reform and help for farmers, many suffering from the Dust Bowl |
| In the election of 1936, who was the Republican candidate? | Alf Landon |
| WHAT gave FDR support in the election of 1936? | New Deal |
| In the election of 1936, WHO attracted as much support from women as her husband did? | Eleanor Roosevelt |
| How did Roosevelt win the election of 1936 (again)? | Landslide |
| Name that Act: created U.S. emplyment service and encouraged states to create local public employment offices | Wagner-Peyser Act |
| What did the Civilian Conservation Court (CCC) Act do? | Established the CCC to provide work relief on conservation and reforestation projects |
| What did the Tennessee Valley Authority do? | Provided for the planned development of the TN river valley |
| The New Deal helped Southern agriculture do what? | Advance |
| What in Southern cities did the New Deal improve (3)? | -sewer systems -bridges -harbors |
| The Tennessee Valley Authority coordinated what? | Activities across 7 states |
| To do what (Tenessee Valley Authority;2)? | -control floods -generate hydroelectricity |
| What region received the most per capita aid in welfare, relief projects, and loans? | The West |
| Who declared several of FDR's important measures unconstitutional? | Supreme Court |
| Because of trying to balance the U.S. budget, what occurred in 1937? | Sharp recession |
| What did the 1937 recession strengthen? | New Deal opponents |
| Who blocked most new reforms of the New Deal? | Conservative Congressional leaders |
| What was extended in Latin America? | Good Neighbor policy |
| What caused relations to be strained in the 1930s(2)? | -economic depression -U.S. support of dictators |
| What did FDR try to educate the American public in danger of? | Fascism |
| What did most Americans want? | Peace at all costs! |
| What strained U.S. relations with Japan? | Japanese aggression in East Asia. |
| After what did FDR shift focus toward preparing for war, fearing conflict was inevitable in Europe? | Munich Agreement |
| What 2 events mark MAJOR divide in American history? | -Great Depression -New Deal |
| Depression cast doubt on traditional what? | -economic, social, and political attitides -policies and practices |
| In relation to the Great Depression, what did the New Deal ultimately do? | brought partial economic recovery |
| What roles did the New Deal expand (2)? | -Federal government -Presidency |
| What did the New Deal revitalize? | Democratic party |
| Concerning leftovers of WW1, who were vulnerable to attack? | new nations |
| Concerning leftovers of WW1, the U.S. failed to recognize the major nation status of which 2 countries? | Japan and Italy |
| Who felt that they had been betrayed rather than defeated? | Germany |
| Concerning territory expansion, what did Japan try to create? | Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere |
| Who expanded into Africa? | Italy |
| What happened in Germany concerning territory expansion? | Nazi (fascism) resurgence |
| In 1936, what was formed between Germany and Italy? | Rome-Berlin Axis |
| Who was added to the Axis Powers after 1940? | Japan |
| In 1939 Poland, who declares war on Germany? | France and Britain |
| When did Hitler invade the Soviet Union? | After failure to defeat Britain |
| What war tactic did Hitler use in early WW2? | Blitzkrieg or "Lightening War" |
| Hitler helped capture which countries? | -Denmark -Norway -Netherlands -Belgium -France -The Balkans |
| What limited President Roosevelt's ability to help Britain and its allies? | Isolationists sentiment |
| In 1940, FDR established what 2 things to plan war preparedness strategy? | -National Defense Advisory Comittee -Council of National Defense |
| The collapse of France did what? | scared Americans |
| Because of frightened Americans, Congress does what? | Passes laws to expand army |
| In what year was FDR elected to a third term? | 1940 |
| What allowed Britain to borrow military equipment? | Land-Lease Act |
| FDR and Churchill secretly met where to plan (also signed the Atlantic Charter)? | off Newfoundland |
| What angers Japan | U.S. builds 2-ocean navy |
| The U.S. restricted the imports of what 3 things to Japan? | -steel -iron ore -aluminum |
| When Japan invaded French Indochina, FDR did what 2 things? | -froze Japanese assets in U.S. -blocked oil exports |
| When was the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and what did it lead to? | -December 7, 1941 -Congress declares U.S. entrance into WW2 -FDR gives famous speech "a day that will live in infamy" |
| Who were the allies(6)? | -U.S. -Soviet Union -Great Britain -France -China -other small countries |
| In 1941, WW2 was fought on which 6 fronts? | -North Africa -Eastern Europe -North Atlantic -China -Southeast Asia -Central Pacific |
| What was key to victory over Germany? | Eastern Front |
| What was the turning point in WW2? | German defeat at Stalingrad |
| The failure of German air attacks to knock Britain out of the war led to what? | Battle of the Atlantic |
| German submarines did what in 1942? | dominated the Atlantic |
| When Allied aircraft attacked with depth charges,happened? | Balance shifted |
| Japan expanded into where(3)? | -Singapore -Burma -Philippines |
| Battle of Bataan led to what? | capture of thousands of American/Filipino prisoners |
| What ended Japanese expansion in the Pacific? | -Coral Sea -Battle of Midway |
| Who gave FDR power to reorganize the government for war? | Congress |
| What allocated workers among vital industries and military? | War Manpower Commission |
| What did the War Production Board do? | invested funds in new factories |
| Industry converted from what to what? | From consumer goods to defense production |
| How did the Depression end? | Mobilization of indistry produced astounding results |
| How did science contribute to the war effort(5)? | -New drugs -Blood transfusions -Weapon systems -Radar -Sonar |
| What began in 1941 to build atomic weaponry before Germany did? | The Manhattan Project |
| What did the Manhattan Project do? | ushered in the age of atomic energy |
| Migration caused by WW2 did what? | crossed tradition regional/racial boundaries |
| In 1943, tensions between Anglos and Mexican Americans in California led to what? | zoot suit riots |
| In 1942, FDR ordered removal of what, and what was this called (2)? | -"potential threats" -Interment |
| What were the main states of interment (4)? | -California -Washington -Oregon -Arizona |
| During interment, what happened to Japanese Americans? | -moved west -placed in barracks |
| How many German Americans/German nationals were interned? | about 11,000 |
| How many Italian Americans were interned? | less than 2,000 |
| By when had the New Deal lost momentum? | 1938 |
| When did FDR declare the end of the New Deal? | 1943 |
| In 1943, FDR and Churchill demanded unconditional support of where (3)? | -Germany -Italy -Japan |
| Where did Stalin meet with Britain and U.S. leaders? | Tehran |
| In how long did they promise to invade France? | 6 months |
| What signaled U.S. entry into European ground war? | Operation TORCH |
| In what year did Allied troops invade Sicily and then Italy? | 1943 |
| Soviets recaptured which 2 places? | -western Russia -Ukraine |
| What left Germany too weak to win the war? | Victory at Kursk |
| When was D-Day? | June 6, 1944 |
| What was D-Day's code name? | Operation OVERLORD |
| Where D-Day begin? | beaches of Normandy |
| What did the Allies do on D-Day(2)? | -broke through German lines -raced across France, liberating Paris |
| Where did the Soviets hammer the Germans who continued to retreat? | Eastern Front |
| What did massive air strikes do in late 1944? | destroyed German war production |
| Where did Germany launch a final offensive? | Western Europe |
| When did Germany surrender(mm/dd/yy)? | May 8, 1945 |
| After what did Germany surrender? | Hitler committed suicide |
| What revealed the horror of the Holocaust? | defeat of Germany |
| How many Jews died in the Holocaust? | 6 million |
| What was the death toll of Poles, Gypsies, and others died in the Holocaust? | 1 million |
| What did the U.S. do in 1943(2)? | -probed the enemy -built up its war capacity |
| In 1944, U.S. invades the Philippines in what? | Battle of Leyte Gulf |
| What was the result of the Battle of Leyte Gulf? | Japanese fleet destroyed |
| What 2 types of attack devastated the Japanese economy? | -submarines -bombings |
| When did the Allies sense victory? | early 1945 |
| FDR, Churchill, and Stalin meet to discuss the postwar world where? | Yalta |
| What was established in Europe in 1945? | Occupation zones |
| Foundation of the _______ _______ was established | United Nations |
| After FDR's death, what went down at Potsdam? | -future of Germany was debated -Japan was given an opening for surrender |
| The atomic bomb dropped 1st in _________ and then on ___________, leading to Japanese surrender | -Hiroshima -Nagasaki |
| How did the Allies win (3)? | -economic capacity -technology -military skill |
| What staved off defeat of the Allies in 1942/1943? | ability to outthink and maneuver the enemy |
| What ability assured Allied victory in 1944/1945? | outproduction of enemy |
| What appeal did the Allies have for fighting in WW2 (2)? | -freedom -democracy |
| What did this appeal do? | -viewed the Axis nations as aggressors -gained Allied support among conquered soldiers |
| WW2 changed what? | American lives |
| WW2 did what to families? | created/broke up |
| What did WW2 do to women(2)? | -Provided millions with new responsibilities -returned them to their homes |
| What did WW2 end, doing what(2)? | -ended the Depression -put $ in people's pockets |
| WW2 unified the U.S., but what still remained? | racial barriers |
| As what did the U.S. end WW2? | world's economic superpower |
| In concern to casualties, how did the U.S. end WW2? | least suffering of all combatant nations |
| What did the insecurities of the war years do? | influenced the U.S. for decades |
| 1920s and F. Scott ____________ | Fitzgerald |
| The Roaring Twenties brought what 3 things? | -radio -Penicillin -Insulin |
| Entertainment in the 1920s(3): | -Dancing -1st Miss America pageant -Mickey Mouse -Winnie the Pooh |
| How were dresses in the 1920s? | brighter, shorter, lighter than before |
| What was the new hairstyle of the 1920s? | "The Bob" |
| What became more acceptable/came about in the 20s(2)? | -pantsuits -makeup |
| Who wrote THE GREAT GATSBY? | F. Scott Fitzgerald |
| What did T.S. Elliot write in the 20s? | THE WASTE LAND |
| Who wrote THE SUN ALSO RISES? | Ernest Hemingway |
| What were Prohibition's 2 main goals? | -protect families -keep alcohol only for medical purposes |
| What was the only property legally exempt from Prohibition? | ships outside 3 mile limit |
| "Sometimes its harder to deprive oneself of _____ than of ________" -FSF | -pain -pleasure |
| When was FSF born (mm/dd/yy)? | September 24, 1896 |
| What famous relative was FSF named after? | Francis Scott Key |
| When did FSF die (mm/dd/yy)? | December 21, 1940 |
| What is F. Scott Fitzgerald known as? | one of the 20th century's great writers |
| FSF is known as part of the what? | "Lost Generation" |
| Who were the "Lost Generation"? | Those born in the 1890s who came of age during WW1 |
| Who was FSF engaged to? | Zelda Sayre |
| Why did Zelda break off their engagement? | she was worried that FSF couldn't support them |
| When were FSF and Zelda Sayre married? | 1920 |
| What was their (FSF and Zelda) one daughter named? | Frances Scott "Scottie" Fitzgerald |
| Since when had FSF been an alcoholic? | college |
| What did FSF suffer in 1940? | 2 heart attacks |
| In 1940, following his 2nd heart attack, what happened to Fitzgerald? | he died |
| What happened to Zelda Sayre in 1948? | died tragically in a fire |
| The Catholic Church not allow what concerning FSF's dead body? | to be buried in the family cemetery |
| Where was FSF eventually buried? | Maryland |
Created by:
danicole77
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