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Early Middle Ages
Ms. Bain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Middle Ages | 500-1500 CE, Early MA= 500-1000. Roots are in 1) classical heritage of ROme 2)beliefs of ROman Catholic CHurch 3)Customs of various Germanic tribes. The Medieval Church filled the power vaccuum left from the classical world of the time. |
| Germanic Tribes | 5th century= invasions. It: disrupted trade, made cities fall, shifted the population rural, made learnign decline, and lost a common language. Each kingdom is loyal to their local chief, eventually strong leaders and christianity emerge. |
| Why were they called barbarians? | Because the Romans could not understand their language, to them it sounded like they were saying "barbar" thus- barbarians. |
| What kind of tradition did Germanic tribes have | A rich oral tradition, with no written language. |
| How did barbarian invasions affect trade in europe? | Paths/routes= unsafe and less trade would occur. |
| Cities? | they would move southern and away from attacks. There would be miscommunication, chaos, and cites= wiped out. |
| where people lived? | People would fo to countryside for protection. WHich is why castles and fortresses developed. |
| education? language? | THere is no written language to educate, and all of the latin speakers mixed with germanic dialects to create languages such as french, spanish, and english. |
| Franks | Inhabit middle portion of the land. Frankish empire=the largest in the early middle ages, and is the most powerful in 400-700. They were lead first by clovis and allied under the church. The Carolingian Dynasty exists. polytheistic and worship idols. |
| Clovis | First king of the Franks. after he wins a battle against another germanic tribe after he prays to Jesus Christ he converts to christianity. His wife clothilde was already christian. He baptizes over 10,000 of his troops. Allies with the church*** |
| Charles Martel | Called "THe Hammer". Is strong and has much military power. he was the major domo in 700 (mayor of the palace). He wins the Battle of TOurs in 732 against muslims and makes him a christian hero. Expands the empire. |
| Battle of Tours | Charles Martel defeats muslim raiders from Spain at the Battle of TOurs in 732. It was an important battle that decided that the western section of Europe belong to the Christians. |
| Carolingians | Dynasty of the Frankish Empire. Pepin the short was the first of these rulers because he was annointed by the pope as "king by the grace of God" they ruled from 751-987. IN their time, the frankc advanced greatly but afterwards- feudalism comes. |
| Pepin | Son of Charles Martel. In exchange for being named "king by the grace of god" by the pope he helps to fight off the lombards. In this, he establishes a bond with the church to authenticate his power with religious beliefs. |
| Charlemagne | 6 foot 4. He was great and powerful. He expanded the empire. Spread christianity. UNITES western europe. Is named emperor by the pope- this shows the pope claiming power but also is a religious tie of himself to God. Was a judge and encourages learning. |
| Treaty of Verdun | After CHarlemagnes death in 814, his son Louis the Pious was ineffective ruler and his 3 sons sign the Treaty of Verdun to divide the land into 3. THis causes the loss of central authority and gave way to the new system of feudalism. |
| Magyars | Like the Vikings and Muslims they invaded the Carolingian Empire from 800-1000. Came from the east and terrorize Germany & Italy. Were nomads and great horsemen. THey did not settle land but rather took slaves, and cause fear and people turn to feudalism. |
| VIkings | SImilar to Magyars, invaders from the north (scandinavia) they raid fast and could sail in shallow water so they could hit inland villages. Another contributor to the feeling of danger and therefore a feudalism system developed. |
| Feudalism | Land for goods exchange. THere is a hierarchy. Also is a hereditary system and paternal. The classes are very strict so the way of life in this system was safe but also could be tough (if you were in the 95% that were serfs.)Political and economical. |
| Lord | Head of each manor. recieve fief (land) from the Monarch. occasionally they gained too much power and threatened the king. THey live in the manor house and got good food and answer to the monarch. |
| Fief | Land that was granted to vassals (lords/nobles/clergy). It was a major component in the feudalist system. |
| Vassal | Wealthy landowner like nobles and bishops, in the second highest social class. |
| Knight | Below the vassals, they pledge to defend the lords lands in exchange for fiefs |
| Serf | the majority of the population (95%) are serfs. THese are peasants who could not lawfully leave the place of their birth, or their manor. They were bound to the LAND. THey were not slaves but their labor belonged to the lord. |
| Manor | Estate in which the Lord lives in a castle in the middle and serfs live in huts, giving labor for protection and land. Knights also live here but travel to fight. |
| Chivalry | similar to the Bushido. Is a set of ideals by which a knight must fight. They are to be loyal, brave, and courteous. |
| Clergy | religious officials that were in the second highest social class. they consist of bishops and priests. They control 1/3 of all the land. They try to curb feudal warfare by making only 40 days a year available for fighting. |
| What does heresy mean? | any idea that goes agains the teaching of the church |
| Sacraments | important religious ceremonies. By following therse, people could accomplish salvation. The church and these rituals united th epeople despite the disunity in the Feudalist system. |
| Canon Law | church law that controls marriage rights and religious practice. It gives the church POWER. It was important that they controlled so many aspects of serfs lives. |
| Excommunication | kicked out of the church forever and you are to have certain HELL. This was a power that the church had against leaders if they did not behave as wished. Also it meant that they were powerful in the eyes of all its members. |
| Interdict | Especially if a leader was misbehaving the churhc could interdict them and woul say that everyone under their rule is also excommunicated. This would cause chaos and the people would loathe the leader. a significant power the church has over the ruler. |
| Holy Roman Empire | Otto the first was the most effective ruler of Germany who allied wiith the churhc to create this holy roman empire. In this time, the church required a tithe or 1/10 income tax to church. Also pope claimed papal supremacy or power over all leaders. |
| Otto I | crowned king in 936 and allies wiht the church. he defeats princes and invades Italy for the pope. He did conflist with the pope on lay investure that would cause future anguish. |
| Lay investiture | ceremony in which king and nobles appoint church officials. Is an attempt for government to have more control over the church. |
| Concordat of Worms | A compromise over lay investiture so that the church only cna appoint a bishop but the emperor cna veto this. This is an attempt to equalize power but doesnt work. |
| Frederick Barbarossa | Strong leader with a red beard who was able to expand and control the german princes. He does though attack parts of Italy and angers the pope. He later makes peace but there were furhter clashes with the church after this. |
Created by:
korinna.garfield
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