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Organ Histology E1
Organ Histology Palmer Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the general functions of epithelium | 1)provides a barrier 2)secretion 3)absorption |
| what are the specialized functions of epithelium | 1)transport molecules across epi. 2)prevent transport of material across epi. 3)sensory (ie taste buds) |
| what are the basic characteristics of epithelium | 1)cells are adjacent to each other 2)complete or partial basement membrane 3)avascular, obtain nutrients by diffusion 4)associated w/ vascular CT 5)held together by cell junctions |
| what are the 2 parts of the complete basement membrane | 1)basal lamina 2)reticular lamina |
| what is the basal lamina produced by | epithelium |
| what is the reticular lamina produced by | connective tissue fibroblast |
| what does the partial basement membrane contain | basal lamina only |
| what are the functions of the basement membrane | 1)provides a surface for epithelial cell attachment 2)limit stretch (protection) 3)filters |
| what are the functions of the vascular connective tissue | 1)provides nutrition 2)source of defensive cells |
| what are the 4 types of cell junctions | 1)zonula occludens 2)zonula adherins 3)macula adherins 4)gap junctions |
| what is the other name for zonula occludens | tight junction |
| what is the characteristic of zonula occludens | sharing of intrinsic membrane proteins between 2 cells |
| what are the 2 functions of zonula occludens | 1)strong attachment 2)prevents passage of material between cells |
| what is the other name for zonula adherins | adhesion belt |
| zonula adherins is the area consisting of | 1)linkage proteins between 2 cells 2)marginal bands from cytoskeleton attaching to cell membrane |
| what are the 2 functions of the zonula adherins | 1)weak attachment 2)provides structural cell stability |
| what is the other name for macula adherins | desmosomes |
| what is the function of macula adherins | strong attachment |
| what is the other name for gap junctions | connexon |
| what are the characteristics of gap junctions | 6 proteins in a cylinder |
| what are the 2 functions of gap junctions | 1)strong attachment 2)transport of materials |
| junctional complex consists of what layers | 1)zonula occludens 2)zonula adherins 3)macula adherins |
| what are junctions that hold the epithelium to the basement membrane and the connective tissue | 1)hemidesmosomes 2)focal point contacts |
| epithelium that is a single cell thick | simple epithelium |
| where is simple squamous epithelium located | 1)lung 2)parietal layer of the bowman's capsule in the kidney 3)serosa on the outside of organs |
| what are the 2 functions of simple squamous epithelium | 1)provide a barrier 2)living filter |
| single layer of cube shaped epithelium | simple cuboidal |
| where are simple cuboidal epithelium located | 1)exocrine ducts 2)thyroid follicular cells 3)kidney tubules |
| what are the 3 functions of simple cuboidal epithelium | 1)provide a barrier 2)absorption 3)secretion |
| single layer of epithelium that have height | simple columnar |
| where are simple columnar epithelium located | 1)stomach 2)small intestine 3)gall bladder 4)larger exocrine ducts |
| what are the 3 functions of simple columnar cells | 1)provide a barrier 2)absorption 3)secretion |
| ciliated pseudostratified epithelium is also known as what | respiratory epithelium |
| where is ciliated pseudostratified epithelium located | 1)trachea 2)respiratory region of nasal cavity 3)bronchi |
| what are the 3 cell types associated with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium | 1)sustentacular cells 2)goblet cells 3)basal cells |
| columnar cells that contain cilia | sustentacular cells |
| how are cilia anchored to sustentacular cells | anchored in the apex of the cell by basal bodies |
| what is the function of sustentacular cells | move mucus |
| modified columnar cells, in the ciliated pseudostratified epithelium | goblet cells |
| what is the function of the goblet cells | produce mucus |
| short pyramidal shaped cell that does not reach the surface of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium | basal cells |
| what is the function of basal cells | to be stem cell for respiratory epithelium |
| finger-like projections at the apical surface on some epithelial cells | microvilli |
| microvilli are also known as | brush border or striated border |
| what is the function of microvilli | 1)increase surface area 2)increase absorption |
| where are microvilli located | 1)kidney tubule cells 2)small intestines |
| extremely long microvilli, not related to true cilia | stereocilia |
| what is the function of stereocilia | increase surface area |
| where is stereocilia located | 1)cochlear hair cells 2)epididymis |
| thin apical hair-like extensions of the cytoskeleton | cilia |
| what is the function of cilia | move something over a surface |
| what are the 2 points about cells with cilia | 1)lots of mitochondria(lots of energy needed) 2)no secretion or absorption(b/c basal bodies block the free surface) |
| where are cilia located | 1)trachea 2)fallopian tube |
| surface layer of glycoproteins and carbohydrates that covers some epithelium | glycocalyx |
| what are glycocalyx produced by | epithelial cells |
| what are the 2 functions of glycocalyx | 1)provide a protective surface 2)cell recognition |
| where are glycocalyx located | 1)stomach 2)small intestine |
| epithelium that is 2 or more cell layers thick | stratified epithelium |
| multiple layers of cells that tend to flatten out from basal layer to superficial layer, superficial layer of cells are flat and alive | stratified squamous |
| where is stratified squamous located | 1)esophagus 2)oral cavity 3)tongue 4)vagina |
| what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium | protection from abrasion |
| what are the problems/limitations of stratified squamous epithelium | 1)no protection from drying 2)limited thickness |
| multiple layers of cells that also tend to flatten from basal layer to superficial layer of cells, superficial layer is covered by an added non-living layer of keratin | keratinized stratified squamous |
| where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium located | skin |
| what is the function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | protection in a dry environment |
| what are the layers in epithelium of the skin | 1)stratum basale 2)stratum spinosum 3)stratum granulosum 4)stratum lucidum 5)stratum corneum |
| 1-2 layers of keratinocytes which are mitotic and closest to the dermis | stratum basale |
| multiple layers of "spiny shaped" keratinocytes that produce lipids and keratohyalin vacuoles, thickness of this layer can vary | stratum spinosum |
| uppermost 1-2 layers of flattened living keratinocytes that contain flattened, condensed keratohyalin vacuoles | stratum granulosum |
| thin layer of recently dead or dying keratinocytes present only in thick skin | stratum lucidum |
| layer of dead cells, keratin and lipids | stratum corneum |
| what are the 3 functions of stratum corneum | 1)prevent H2O loss 2)protects against abrasion 3)protects against microbes |
| cells that protect against UV radiation | melanocytes |
| where are melanocytes found | stratum basale |
| how do melanocytes work | produce melanosome which make melanin, melanosomes pinch off and are taken in by surrounding keratinocytes |
| skin color is greatly influenced by what | 1)size of melanosomes 2)number of melanosomes 3)placement of the pigment in the cell |
| recognize external foreign antigens | langerhans cells |
| where are langerhans cells found | 1)stratum spinosum (primary) 2)stratified squamos 3)epithelium(esophagus) |
| what provides touch receptors | merkel cells |
| where are merkel cells found | stratum basale |
| melanocyte numbers _______ when exposed to UV light repeatedly | increase |
| langerhans cells _________ with repeated UV exposure | decrease |
| where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found | larger ducts in sweat glands and salivary glands |
| what is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium | increase protection |
| where is stratified columnar epithelium found | 1)large ducts in pancreas 2)parts of male urethra 3)conjunctiva of the eye |
| what are the functions of stratified columnar epithelium | 1)increase protection 2)provide transition between epithelium types |
| where is transitional(urinary) epithelium found | urinary tract |
| what is the function of transitional epithelium | 1)protection 2)to stretch |
| what are specializations in transitional epithelium | 1)thin fenestrated basement membrane 2)large, rounded, superficial 3)well developed zonula occludens between cells |
| why is a well developed zonula occludens between cells important in transitional epithelium | 1)thin basement membrane 2)prevents diffusion of waste through epithelium |
| what is an unusual superficial cell feature in transitional epithelium | binucleate cells |
| why do transitional epithelium cells get more oxygen | 1)fenestrated basement membrane 2)shorter diffusion distance |
| what are 2 subcategories of epithelial glands | exocrine and endocrine |
| method of secretion by which the product is released into a duct or directly onto an epithelial surface | exocrine secretion |
| components directly involved with the primary function (biceps-->skeletal muscle cells) | parenchyma |
| supportive components (structural/metabolic), biceps-->nerves, blood vessels, connective tissue | stroma |
| what are the 3 subclassifications of exocrine secretion | 1)morphology 2)method of secretion 3)product secreted |
| method classifies the gland according to the shape of secretory units and the ducts arrangement (compound branched tubular gland) | morphology |
| tubular vs acinar(alveolar) | secretory units |
| unbranched vs. branched | duct arrangement |
| what are the 3 methods of secretion | 1)merocrine(eccrine) 2)holocrine 3)apocrine |
| what are examples of merocrine(eccrine) secretion | 1)goblet cell 2)salivary glands 3)pancreas 4)sweat glands |
| what are the important facts about merocrine(eccrine) secretion | 1)loses exocybils 2)no cell damage 3)no cell membrane or cytoplasm is part of the secretory product 4)most common method of secretion |
| what are examples of holocrine secretion | 1)sebaceous glands 2)tarsal(meibomian) glands of eyeball |
| what are the important facts about holocrine secretion | 1)cell matures and dies 2)secretory product=intact vacuoles and cell "parts" 3)odor is associated with this process because bacteria is attracted to it |
| what are examples of apocrine secretion | 1)lactating mammary glands 2)sweat glands in adults (pubic area, axilla) 3)ceruminous glands in external auditory canal (wax) 4)ciliary glands in eyelid |
| what are important facts about apocrine secretion | 1)minimal cell damage 2)secretory product=intact vacuoles and cell membrane and cytoplasm 3)associated with odor |
| smallest division of a gland, a group of cells surrounding a cavity | acinus |
| small group of serous cells attached to a mucus acinus | serous demilune |
| cells with epithelial origin that are contractile, cells wrap around the acini and sometimes the ducts | myoepithelial cells |
| where are myoepithelial cells found | 1)salivary and sweat glands 2)lacrimal glands 3)lactating mammary glands |
| what is the function of myoepithelial cells | aid secretion |
| serous glands produce | proteins |
| where are serous glands found | 1)pancreas 2)parotid gland 3)chief cells in stomach |
| what are characteristics of serous glands | 1)cells are trapezoid 2)nucleus is round and noticeable 3)cells pick up stain |
| mucus glands produce | mucus |
| what are examples of mucus glands | 1)goblet cells 2)mucus cells in stomach 3)minor salivary glands in tongue and palate |
| what are characteristics of mucus glands | 1)cells are trapezoid 2)cells stain lighter 3)nuclei are often flat and peripheral |
| mixed glands produce | serous and mucus |
| what are examples of mixed glands | sublingual and submandibular salivary glands |
| what are characteristics of mixed glands | serous demilunes possible |
| how is exocrine regulation controlled | 1)myoepithelial cells (ANS fiber to each cell) 2)hormonal 3)blood supply (increase blood-->increase O2-->increase secretion) |
| secretory product released into nearby connective tissue for vascular dispersal to target cells/organs | endocrine secretion |
| what are the subtypes of endocrine secretion | 1)paracrine secretion 2)autocrine secretion |
| signaling cell is close to target cell so the hormone does not enter the blood | paracrine secretion |
| signaling cell is its own target | autocrine secretion |
| what regulates endocrine secretion | 1)hormonal (primary) 2)ANS |
| 1)patchy skin lesions 2)accelerated keratinocyte life cycle ~1 week 3)cells accumulate in stratum corneum 4)inflammation in dermal papillae 5)cyclic and etiology is unknown | psoriasis vulgaris |
| 1)spots with extra pigment, especially in fair skin 2)increase in melanin w/out an increase in melanocyte numbers 3)tend to fade in winter and darken in sun exposure | freckles |
| 1)patches which lack melanocytes 2)unknown cause but associated with systemic disease 3)ie hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, addison's disease | vitiligo |
| discoloration due to proliferation of melanocytes | moles (naevi) |
| 1)melanocytes become mitotically active and invade dermis 2)very invasive and metastatic 3)treatment: surgery and chemo | malignant melanoma |
| what are the functions of connective tissue | 1)provide structural support 2)medium for exchange 3)defense/protection 4)storage of fat 4)stro |
| what are the characteristics of connective tissue | 1)most derived from mesenchyme tissue 2)support cells separated by a matrix 3)support cells produce matrix components 4)cells adhere to matrix components instead of other cells |
| what are examples of sulfated glycosaminoglycans | 1)keratin sulfate 2)chondroitin sulfate 3)heparin sulfate 4)dermatin sulfate |
| what are some points of interest for sulfated glycosaminoglycans | 1)have covalent bonding sits-bond to other sulfated GAG's and proteins 2)no affinity for H2O 3)will not support inflammation |
| what are some examples of non-sulfated glycosaminoglycans | hyaluronic acid |
| what are characteristics of non-sulfated glycosaminoglycans | 1)do not bond with other glycosaminoglycans 2)have an affinity for H2O-weak electrostatic bond |
| a tissue with a high hyaluronic acid concentration will | 1)have higher H2O content 2)have a H2O content that can change 3)supports inflammation |
| what are positive aspects of inflammation | 1)increase fluidity-promotes cell movement 2)increase number of defensive cells |
| what are negative aspects of inflammation | swelling can damage blood vessels, nerves and cells |
| excessive fluid remaining in the interstitial spaces | edema |
| what is the most common connective tissue protein | collagen |
| type I collagen accounts for ___ of the total body collagen | ~90% |
| collagen I is known for its great tensile strength but | will not stretch only gives up ~4% |
| what are the affects of aging on collagen | 1)fiber production slows with age 2)incorrect cross-linking when collagen I fiber is produced = weaker fiber |
| what vitamin is necessary for the proper cross-linking within the collagen I fiber | vitamin C |
| not enough vitamin C will cause | 1)weakly cross-linked fibers 2)fibers breakdown more rapidly 3)scurvy |
| 1)composed of elastin and microfibrils 2)can stretch 150% of its resting length 3)important in blood vessels and lungs 4)commonly produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells 5)simpler fiber than collagen I | elastic |
| what are the effects of aging on elastic fibers | increase age leads to decrease number of elastic fibers |
| describe marfan's syndrome | 1)results from defective fibrillia 2)genetic based disease |
| 1)same as collagen III 2)easy to produce 3)last ~3 days 4)no known serious pathologies associated | reticular fibers |
| what is the 1st fiber produced during wound healing | reticular |
| fibroblasts are usually derived from | mesenchyme cells |
| what are examples of fibroblasts | 1)adipocytes 2)chondrocytes, during fibrocartilage formation 3)osteoblasts, certain pathologies |
| what are the structural functions of fibroblasts | 1)produce and maintain matrix 2)healing |
| what are the functions of fibroblasts when healing | 1)produce growth factors and other cytokines 2)scar formation |
| what are the steps in scar formation for fibroblasts | I)scars begin as granulation tissue and reticular fibers II)dense irregular CT III)mature scars are almost avascular and contain only mature fibroblasts IV)commonly occurs in: tendons, lig., epi, cartilage V)scar is only 70% as strong as original |
| what are the functions of fibroblasts in defense | 1)produce cytokines and enzymes(collagenase & elastase) 2)phagocytize |
| mature, less active fibroblast | fibrocyte |
| fibrocytes can | produce hyaleuronic acid and other ground substances and reticular fibers |
| fibrocytes cannot | make new collagen I fibers or elastic fibers |
| what is the function of fibrocytes | maintain tissue |
| pssess features of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells | myofibroblast |
| what are the functions of myofibroblasts | 1)wound closure 2)tooth eruption |
| what are adipocytes derived from | mesenchyme cells |
| what is the function of aadipocytes in lipid storage | 1)energy source 2)cushion organs 3)thermoregulation |
| what are the functions of adipocytes | 1)lipid storage 2)produce leptin |
| where are plasma cells located | 1)connective tissue 2)lymphatic tissues/organs |
| what is the function of plasma cells | 1)produce immunoglobins |
| IgG= | macrophages and neutorphils |
| IgM= | B cells |
| IgE= | mast cells and basophils |
| IgD= | B cells |
| IgA= | secretory antibody associated with epithelium |
| large cells with an indented or kidney bean shaped nucleus, often contain residual bodies in their cytoplasm | macrophages |
| what are macrophages derived from | monocytes |
| macrophages are apart of | mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system) |
| examples of macrophages | 1)kupffer cells 2)alveolar macrophages 3)monocytes 4)microglia 5)langerhans cells 6)osteoclasts |
| what are the functions of macrophages | 1)phagocytosis 2)act as an antigen presenting cell 3)create foreign body giant cells 4)release cytokines and other products |
| what are the characteristics of phagocytosis | 1)debris 2)microorganisms |
| what is the characteristic of APC | probably separate population of cells |
| what is the characteristics of creating a giant cell | 1)fusion of ~30-40 macrophages 2)form in response to: -sizeable foreign object(sliver) -certain pathogens(syphilis) |
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ellerjason12
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