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HistoryMidterm terms
Terms from book "The American Promise
| Date | Answer |
|---|---|
| 25,000 to 10,000 BP | Bering StraitAn ice age (c25,000 to 10,000 BP) caused sea levels to drop about 350 feet which Native Americans created a “land bridge” from Siberia to Alaska connecting the Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea. During the Ice Age, Alaska and Siberia were conne |
| 13,500 to 10,000 BP | Paleo-Indians-Siberian Hunters. Very mobile, gathered berries, plants, and nuts, hunted small game, and mammoths and mastodons, used tools like clovis point, hide scrapers, atlatl, extinctions of large game led to greater cultural diversity of Paleo-Ind |
| 10,000 to 3,000 | Archaic IndiansTypically hunter-gatherers, mostly migratory, built small houses, agriculture: squash, gourds, corn, made baskets, tools for grinding seeds, Adze – dugout canoes, pottery. Great Plains Bison Hunters, Great Basin Cultures, Pacific Coast Cu |
| 1,100 years ago (A.D. 900) | Missiapian IndiansThe increased investment in agriculture and related changes in social and religious practices gave rise to a new way of life that archaeologists call Mississippian. The Mississippian period begins 1,100 years ago (A.D. 900) and continu |
| - 1-1400 AD. | HohokamBuilt canals, engineered flow rate, grew cotton and tobacco, along with corn, beans and squash. The Hohokam inhabited the Tucson Basin from about 300 to 1400 A.D. |
| 1-1450 AD | Anasazi Indians. Southern Utah. Ancestors of Pueblo Indians, Agricultural society, Cliff dwellers. were an ancient Native American culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the United States, comprising southern Utah, northern Arizona, no |
| 1325 BC | Mexica-Established an empire and Territory the size of Spain with 3x’s the population. Other tribes paid tribute. Capitol: Tenochtitlan. Large cities, extravagant temples, markets, gardens, stores of gold and other treasures. They were an indigenous peop |
| trade routes | - Search for a quicker trade route to Asia. From the twelfth through the fifteenth centuries, spices, silk, carpets, ivory, gold, and other exotic goods traveled overland from Persia, Asia Minor, India, and Africa and then were funneled into continental E |
| 1348 and 1350 | Black Death-In the mid-fourteenth century, Europeans suffered a catastrophic epidemic of bubonic plague. Killed about a third of the European population, and made Europe’s limited supply of food more plentiful for survivors. The Black Death was one of th |
| 1400 | Navigation technologies-Scientific and technological advances also helped set the stage for exploration. From Asia, magnetic compass and astrolabe. By 1400, crucial navigational aids employed by maritime explorers such as Columbus were already available: |
| 1480 | Caravels-Better ships. To show the supplies necessary for long periods at sea and to withstand the battering of waves in the open ocean, the Portuguese developed the caravel, a sturdy ship that became explorers’ vessel of choice. In caravels, Portuguese |
| Late 15th century | Northwest Passage-Portugal controls trade with Africa, England, Spain, France and Portugal trying to find a quicker trade route to Asia. Spain: Christopher Columbus, England: John Cabo, France: Jacque Cartier. “Northwest Passage” |
| 1519 | Hernan Cortes. Conquistador, Colonized Mexican interior, Malinali, interpreter, Mistaken for a god. Implications: Aztec gold, Brutal conquest. Hernán Cortés was a Spanish explorer who is famous mainly for his march across Mexico and his conquering of th |
| 1512-14 | Encomienda-Grant of labor from the Spanish crown to people and Natives. |
| Coureurs du bois | New France. French traders, Trade (beaver pelts) and intermarriage with Indians, learned their language. Were French trappers of North America and especially of Canada. |
| 5th Century | Petrine mandate-Pope Gelasius (5th Century). In order to follow the instructions given to St. Peter the Pope had jurisdiction over: Believers and non-believers, Secular and spiritual Matters. This establishes the right for the Pope to intervene in gover |
| (11th Century | Pope Gregory VII). Defines what is rational and normal in the eyes of the Church. Christianity is Rational. Followers of all other forms of Religion live in “pitable madness” or sin. Defines certain behaviors that are mortal sins. Idolatry or worship of a |
| Pope Urban II | - Convinces leaders of Christian provinces to attack Turks and regain the Holy Land. Authorized a “Holy War” against unbelievers. Crusades |
| 13th Century | Pope Innocent Explains under what conditions Christians can take over the land of non-Christians. If charged by the Pope, Christian people could conquer others if they committed serious |
| c1520-1550 | Bartolome de Las Casas-Advocated for rights of native peoples, wrote stories of Spanish brutality. Petitioned for thend of the encomiendas. Encomiendas transitioned to haciendas c1550 |
| 1607 | Jamestown -Virginia Colony 1607. First permanent English settlement. |
| 1618 | “headright”system: could have 50 acres free if you could pay your own way (about a years wages) The headright system, introduced in Virginia, gave each head of household the right to fifty acres of land for himself and fifty additional acres for each adul |
| 1716 | Indenture- contract for a person to work 4-7 years in exchange for their passage to America. A Servant Labor System |
| 1676 | Bacon’s Rebellion- 1676. Was an uprising in the Virginia Colony in North America, led by a 29-year-old planter, Nathaniel Bacon. Erupted as a dispute over Virginia’s Indian policy. War with Indians, 1644. |
| Middle Passage | Slave trade, Middle Passage: shipment of African slaves to the New World. 18% died, Diseases, dehydration, suicide. 18” decks. Was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World, as part of the Atla |
| Seasoning | a period in which slaves were held in the Caribbean to adjust to the climate and disease. |
| 1670-1700 | Gang Labor-Slave Labor in the Chesapeake. Divided into groups by ability. Isolated slaves. Chesapeake Colonies (Maryland and Virginia) and Caribbean. 1670-1700, transition from servants to slaves. Slaves cost 3-5x more than a servant, but worked for life. |
| Task labor | Individual slaves assigned tasks. More free time. Lower South: Carolinas and Georgia. It is the less brutal of the two main types of labor systems. The other form, known as the gang system, was harsher. The difference between the task labor system and the |
| 1662 | Hereditary Slavery Law (1662) - Virginia enacts a law of hereditary slavery meaning that a child born to an enslaved mother inherits her slave status. |
| Savages” | Settlers decide that the only way to gain land and peace is to eliminate Indians. “Savagery” becomes a justification for violence against Indians. When English first came: Indians. English first settled: Savages. Savages= dangerous needs to be eliminated. |
| “Blacks”- | Africans: “Negros,” “blacks”. Black associated with evil. English: “white,” “free”. English notion of superiority a justification for exploitation of Indians’ land and Africans’ labor |
| 1620 | Pilgrims-Puritan Emigration. Is a name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. First to Holland, 1608. Then to America, 1620, on the Mayflower. One of the first Protestant groups to |
| 1629 | 2. “City upon a Hill”- Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629. John Winthrop. The phrase entered the American lexicon early in its history, in the Puritan John Winthrop's 1630 sermon "A Model of Christian Charity". |
| 1692 | Salem Witch Trials-The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693. |
| 1650s | The English Navigation Acts were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, a process which had started in 1651. |
| 1675 | King Phillip’s War-Charles II wanted more control over New England. Opportunity: King Philip’s War. Royal investigation of New England. New Government installed: Governors appointed by the king. New voting qualification: owning property instead of church |
| “No taxation without representation” | ”- Britain repealed the laws because of damage to English merchants. It means, 'We will only pay taxes that our representatives in a House or Assembly [or similar body] have approved and passed into a law. The slogan was used by the American revolutionari |
| 1770 | Boston Massacre-Colonial resentment of British troops. Heckling troops outside a customs house. Troop’s fire on crowd, 5 died, 11 injured. Was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers killed five civilian men. |
| 1773 | Boston Tea Party-Tea Act, 1773. Americans refuse to let British ships unload. Boston Governor won’t let ships leave. Americans dress as Indians and dump tea overboard. Immensely popular with Americans |
| 1774 | Intolerable Acts, 1774- British response to the Tea Party. Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Justice Act, Quartering Act. The Intolerable Acts or the Coercive Acts are names used to describe a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 17 |
| First Continental Congress | Delegates from every colony but Georgia met in Philadelphia. Approved a boycott of all English goods, demanded the repeal of the intolerable acts. Declaration of Rights and Grievances. |
| Winter of 1774-1775 | Battle of Lexington and Concord-Weapons stockpile in Concord, Massachusetts. Boston Governor sends troops to confiscate weapons. Paul Revere rides to warn the militia. British troops fire on militia in Lexington: “shot heard ‘round the world” Colonists st |
| 1775 | Second Continental Congress- 1775. Appointed a committee to oversee foreign relations. Created a Continental Army. Appointed George Washington as its commander. Olive Branch Petition – offered to end armed resistance if the king would remove the Britis |
| July 4, 1776 | Declaration of Independence-People have the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Declared them independent from British rule. |
| Siege of Boston | Siege of Boston-1775 After Lexington and Concord, American militia surrounds the city.The Americans, led by George Washington, eventually forced the British to withdraw from the town after an 11-month siege |
| 1777 | Battle of Yorktown- Burgoyne’s New York Campaign-Three-pronged attack against New EnglandIt was an attempt by Great Britain to gain military control of the strategically important Hudson River valley in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War. |
| 1862 | a battle during the Peninsula campaign of the American Civil War. General George Washington, commanding a force of 17,000 French and Continental troops, begins the siege known as the Battle of Yorktown against British General Lord Charles Cornwallis and a |
| 1783 | Treaty of Paris Signed on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain on the one hand and the United States of America and its allies on the other. |
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