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Unit 8 APUSH terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| “Yellow press” | a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers |
| Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan | His idea that countries with greater naval power will have greater worldwide impact had an enormous influence in shaping the strategic thought of navies across the world, ultimately causing the World War I naval arms race |
| Monroe Doctrine | US policy that stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention |
| Hawaiian planter “revolt” (1893) | successful revolt organized by a tiny minority of desperate whites (who wanted US control) in Hawaii and assisted by American troops who landed under the unauthorized orders of the expansionist American minister in Honolulu |
| de Lome letter (February 1898) | private letter written by the Spanish minister in Washington describing President McKinley as a politician who lacked good faith; stolen from the mails and headlined by Hearst; led to an uproar so violent that Dupuy de Lôme was forced to resign |
| “Remember the Maine” (February 1898) | battleship Maine, sent to Cuba to protect and evacuate Americans, mysteriously blew up; Americans blindly blamed Spanish officials in Cuba, but the cause was later found to be internal spontaneous combustion; battle cry became, "Remember the Maine!" |
| Teller Amendment | placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba stating that US couldn't annex Cuba, but would leave "control of the island to its people" |
| Hawaiian Annexation (July 1898) | annexed under joint resolution;annexed under the impression that the US needed the islands as a Pacific way station for supplies and reinforcements |
| Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders” | varied assortment of volunteers lead by Colonel Leonard Wood and organized by Roosevelt for the naval battle in Cuba; were very poorly equiped |
| Treaty with Spain | since the US had acquire the Philippines one day after the armistice was signed, the US agreed to give Spain $20 million in compensation; raised disapproval and touched off one of the most impassioned debates in American history |
| Philippine annexation | options: give islands back to Spanish misrule (dishonorable; abandon islands (cowardly; leave Filipinos to gov themselves (possible seizure by another power); acquire all islands and perhaps grant freedom to all later (popular and accepted decision) |
| Insular Cases (1901) | set up to determine whether or not the newly-acquired lands would be afforded the same rights as Americans; decided that the Constitution and Bill of Rights did not necessarily extend to include the islands |
| Platt Amendment (1901) | an amendment replacing the earlier Teller Amendment; Cubans forced to agree that the US might intervene with troops to restore order and to provide mutual protection; Cubans promised to sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations to the US |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | aided in the American invasion of the Philippines; later led an insurrection against the new American rulers |
| Open Door Policy | In 1898, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers, asking them to declare formally that they would allow US to trade in China; no formal reply was ever received, and Hay took it as consent |
| Boxer Rebellion (1900) | frustrated by being forced to trade with westerners, militant societies in china combined in a campaign against westerners and westernised Chinese. Missionaries and other civilians were killed, women were raped, and European property was destroyed. |
| Imperialism | the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies |
| Anti-imperialism | fought the McKinley administration's expansionist moves, included Samuel Gompers, Mark Twain, and Andrew Carnegie |
| McKinley assassination (1901) | McKinley was shot, but died a few days later of disease; VP Teddy Roosevelt became next president, which angered many party bosses who didnt want to see him as president; he prob would have never been elected pres if McKinley hadnt died |
| Panamanian "Revolution" (1903) | US wanted to build canal across Panama, but it was owned by Spain and they said no; US helped Panamanians to gain Independence from Spain and immediately recognized them so that they could build the canal there |
| Roosevelt Corollary | a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine by TR that stated that US would intervene in conflicts between European Nations and Latin American countries |
| "Gentlemen’s Agreement” (1908) | an informal agreement between US and Japan saying that Americans wouldn't go to Japan and Vice Versa in order to reduce tensions; this is broken when TR sends the Great White Fleet to Japan |
| Jacob A. Riis | one of the first to use photojournalism; portrayed the horrible living conditions in impoverished NY bringing about social changes |
| Socialists | strongly advocated universal suffrage, in order to politically empower the [oppressed] working class, or "proletariat." |
| social gospel | liberal movement within American Protestantism that attempted to apply biblical teachings to problems associated with industrialization |
| "Muckrakers" | reform-oriented journalists; term coined by T. Roosevelt |
| Initiative, Referendum, Recall | citizens can directly propose laws; citizens vote to show state legislatures what they prefer; citizens can remove and replace gov officials in the middle of term |
| Secret/“Australian” ballot | started being implemented state by state to improve democracy |
| Seventeenth Amendment (1913) | United States Constitution established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote |
| Robert M. LaFollette | a republican who was once offered bribes but hated it, inspiring him to run; he is elected and proposes the wisconsin plan to control corruption in gov, expand railroad and civil services, create commission for sanitation, and have state income tax |
| Muller v. Oregon (1908) | justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire (1911) | fire in cloth factory where women were locked in to make sure they worked; most died in the fire, inspiring labor reforms |
| “Square Deal” | President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection |
| Coal Strike (1902) | Miners were on strike asking for higher wages, shorter workdays, and the recognition of their union; TR made the owners and workers compromise; first time agreement made instead of gov just supporting the business |
| Elkins Act (1903) | United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887; standardized railway regulations |
| Hepburn Act (1906) | United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates |
| Meat Inspection and Pure Food and Drug Acts (1906) | inspired by "The Jungle", regulated food industry cleanliness standards; opened US food markets to Europeans who now wanted US food |
| “Conservation” movement | movement lead by TR to conserve US natural resources and wildlife; much of his efforts undone by Taft |
| Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) | lowering certain tariffs on goods entering the United States; angered Progressives, splitting the Republican party into two groups |
| Progressive (“Bull Moose”) Party | TR was not elected as the Republican candidate against Taft for presidency, so instead of give up, he created his own party; because of the split in the republican party, the first Democratic pres since Garfield was elected |
| “Triple Wall of Privilege” | Wilson's platform called New Freedom sough to attack this Tripple Wall made up of the tariff, the banks, and trusts |
| Underwood Tariff (1913) | re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%, well below the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 |
| 16th ammendment | allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results |
| Federal Reserve Bank (1913) | the central banking system of the United States; also known as the Banker's Bank |
| Federal Trade Commission (1914) | agency of the United States gov, established by the Federal Trade Commission Act;mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the prevention of what regulators perceive to be harmfully anti-competitive business practices, such as monopoly |
| Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) | replaced Sherman Anti-trust act; implemented action to stop trusts |
| Eighteenth Amendment | established prohibition in the United States; only amendment to ever be repealed |
| “Peace without victory” | President Woodrow Wilson advocated "Peace Without Victory" before WWI was over in an attempt to stop bloodshed |
| British Blockade | Blockade of Germany by Britain; considered a key element in the allied victory |
| Unlimited submarine warfare | refers to Germany's use of submarines to sink both military and civilian vessels |
| Zimmerman note (March 1917) | a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States;ntercepted by British intelligence and angered US into declaring war |
| “War to end all wars” / “Make the world safe for democracy” | embodied Wilson's conviction that America's entry into the war was necessary to preserve human freedom |
| Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” address (January 1918) | intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe |
| “Self-determination” | the principle in international law that nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or external interference |
| League of Nations | founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. |
| George Creel | the head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I |
| Espionage Act (1917) | prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with military recruitment |
| Sedition Act (1918) | extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds |
| Eugene V. Debs | one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World;one of the best-known socialists living in the United States |
| War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch) | a board headed by Baruch to manage economy during WW1 |
| "Work or Fight" Rule | everyone had to work or fight during WW1 |
| national war labor board | regulated labor during war; worked to placate strikes because factories needed to keep running |
| IWW "Wobblies" | Industrial Workers of the World; an international union |
| Food Administration | headed by Herbert Hoover to conserve food for overseas |
| Liberty/Victory Loans | war bonds during WW1 |
| Doughboys | allies name for the fresh-looking American soliders that came to their aide midway through the war |
| Bolshevik Revolution (Nov 1917) | change in government caused Russia to pull out of WW1 |
| General John J. Pershing | General of army who wouldn't allow Americans to fight in the British/France army, only alongside |
| Senator Henry Cabot Lodge | Republican senator against the Treaty of Versailles |
| Warren G. Harding | 29th US president; Republican; Treaty of Versailles not ratified because he was elected |
| 19th ammendment | voting rights for women |
| 1920 election | wilson couldnt run for a third term; Republican Harding vs Democratic Cox; Harding wins |
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is2903
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