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Hist 2710 Midterm
History 2710 Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| John Muir | Conservationist who played a major role in wilderness preservation. |
| Carlisle Indian School | Set up in Carlisle, PA. Believed that Indian's customs and languages halted their progression. Motto was "Kill the Indian, save the man." |
| The Dawes Severalty Act | Designed to turn Indians into landowners and farmers. Emphasized treating Indians as individuals rather than as members of tribes. |
| Wounded Knee | 1 of bloodiest episodes of Indian-white strife. 12/29/1890, 7th Cavalry was rounding up 340 starving & freezing Sioux @ Wounded Knee, SD when someone fired a gun. Soldiers retaliated w/ cannon fire. W/in minutes 300 Indians, including 7 infants killed. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Scottish immigrant who built an enormous steel company. From Pittsburgh's fastest telegraph operator. Tom Scott, Super of PA Railroad, hired him in 1852. Own steel mill becomes world's largest corp. Bought out in 1901. Rags to riches. Philanthropist. |
| Thomas Edison | Inventor, founder of the 1st industrial research laboratory. Perfected the light bulb in 1879. Made it possible for people to work after dark. Born 1847 in Milan, OH. Had little education, started in telegraph industry. Invented phonograph. |
| Eugene V. Debs | Union organizer, arrested as leader of striking National Railway Union; would become Socialist leader. George Pullman slashed worker's wages, but not rent. Workers striked, this paralyzed rail traffic in/out of Chicago. Riots. Arrested, Supreme ok'd it. |
| Standard Oil Trust | An umbrella organization of 40 companies that controlled the US oil industry. Org'd by Rockefeller in 1882. Replaced "pool" w/ no legal status, the trusted had control. Integrated industry vertically & horizontally. Other co's do same. Public outcry. |
| Jane Addams | Leader in settlement-house movement; later won Nobel Peace Prize.Bought & repair mansion -opened Hull House as social center for recent immigrants.Held classes, preserved tradition. Other houses opened too. Womanhood/self-sacrificing for others. |
| Thomas Nast | The details of William "Magear" Tweed's ring's massive fraud & corruption were brilliantly satirized in Harper's Weekly by German immigrant cartoonist Thomas Nast. |
| Frederick Law Olmsted | "Building on achievements of FLO & others, reformers campaigned for parks, blvds, & street lights, & proposed laws agains billboards & unsightly overhead electrical wires." Founder of Am landscape, architecture, & park maker. |
| Anthony Comstock | Leader of Moral Purity crusade against urban vice, corruption. Demanded municipal authorities close down gambling & lottery operations & censor obscene publications. |
| Cult of Domesticity | Victorian viewsfrom 1840s on - the home was "the woman's sphere" -a protected retreat where she could express her maternal gifts (kids & religion). & now add foster an artistic environment to nurture family cultural improvement. |
| John Harvey Kellogg | From wikipedia: Dr from MI who ran a sanitarium using holistic methods; focus on nutrition, enemas, and exercise. Advocate of vegetarianism. |
| William Jennings Bryan | Critic of Empire, anti-imperialists. Along with others formed the Anti-Imperialist League. Felt that to rule other peoples violated the Declaration of Independence & Constitution. In Feb 1899 failed by 1 vote to prevent ratification of treaty w/ Spain. |
| Yellow Journalism | Sensational stories published by Hearst & Pulitzer in their papers. Named from Hearst's "The Yellow Kid" comic strip. Exploited Cuban crisis, turning rumor to fact & detailing atrocities. |
| Jacob Coxey | Self-taught monetary expert from Massillon, OH. Proposed solution to unemployment w/ a $500 Mil. public works program funded w/ paper money. His organization marked to DC to lobby. Arrested. Eccentric, but proposal resembled programs later used in 1930s. |
| Open Door notes | In Sep 1899, Sec of State John Hay sent notes to China requesting open ports as the US was afraid of being shut out of China. China doesn't commit, but Hay announced they accepted policy. Shows commercial considerations were influencing foreign policy. |
| W.E.B. DuBois | Black sociologist, later one of founders of NAACP. Documented hardships of African-Ams in Philadelphia. Scholar & civil rights leader; author of "The Souls of Black Folk." Earned Ph.D in history from Harvard. Demanded full racial equality. Militant like. |
| Charlotte Perkins Gilman | Said women would make effective contribution to society only when won economic independence from men through work out of home. Suffragist. Wrote "Women and Economics" (1898) and other works. |
| Robert A. La Follette | Progressive politician, won Wisconsin governorship as independent and oversaw several reforms; later a US Senator. Challenged state's long-dominated business interests, increased corp taxes, limited campaign spending, railroad regulatory commission. |
| John Dewey | Yr 1920 Philosopher. Changed the school model to an interactive environment. Embryonic communities cultivating children that know how to be members of society supported Wilson. |
| Booker T. Washington | Yr 1902 Accomodationist. Emphasized patience and manual skills. Born into into slavery. Received a college education. Believed that once blacks proove their economic value racism would slow down. |
| Frederick Taylor | Yr 1911. Wrote Principles of Scientific Management. Explaining how to increase output by standardizing job routine and rewarding the fastest workers. |
| George Creel | Yr 1917. Journalist established a wartime propaganda. |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Republican Senator. Leader of the expansionists applied social darwinism to argue that war was good vehicle for natural selection. Preached imperial greatness. |
| Dollar diplomacy | Buying out other countries debts to gain economic advantages and be able to influence their decision making. |
| A. Mitchell Palmer | Attorney General that was a huge proponent of the "Red Square", a movement of fear based on the belief that Russians were trying to start a revolution and take over America. Led "Red Raids" aimed at catching Bolshevik Sympathizers. |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | Author wrote "The Other Side of Paradise" and "The Great Gatsby". Though of the twenties as the time when "the orgy began." |
| Alice Paul | Founded the "Congressional Union For Women's Suffrage" renamed "National Women's Party" in 1917. Militant suffragist eventually helped the 19th amendment get passed . |
| Alfred Smith | Democratic Governor of New York in 1924. Tried to run for president but lost in the primaries. |
| Aimee Semple McPherson | One of the original mass evangelist. Used radio instead of television. When she died in 1944 she had more than 600 branches of her "Church of the Foursquare Gospel." |
| Marcus Garvey | Black leader during the 1920s when the KKK was at its height. |
| Mary McLeod Bethune | Director of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration. led the "Black Cabinet" that served as a link between the New Deal and African-American organizations. |
| Huey Long | Governor of Louisiana in 1928 built highways, schools, & public housing. "Share our wealth." "Everyman a king." |
| Harry Hopkins | Head of temporary public works agency called the "Civil Works Administration" (CWA). Direct Federal Funding rather than filtering money through local agencies. |
| John L. Lewis | Started the Committee for Industrialization Organization within the AFL. Unionized Pittsburgh steel mill workers. Welcomed all workers in a particular industry, regardless of race, gender, or degree of skill. |
| John Collier | Founder of the American Indian Defense Association in 1923. |
| Atlantic Charter | Condemned aggression, affirmed national self-determination, and endorsed the principles of collective security and disarmament. |
| A. Philip Randolph | President of Sleeping Car Porters. Helped Establish the Fair Employment Practices Commission to stop discriminatory practices by employers in the war-time needs business. |
| Wendell L. Willkie | All out internationalist who championed greater aid to Britain. |
| Neville Chamberlain | British Prime Minister during World War I. |
| Joseph R. McCarthy | Senator from Wisconsin that claimed that there were communist in the government. Synonymous with: personal attacks on individuals by means of indiscriminate allegations and unsubstantiated charges. |
| George Kennan | American in charge of Russian Affairs urged for long-term vigilant containment of Russian expansion. |
| Dixiecrats | Put electors on ballot as reg. Dem. ticket in sev. states-major roadblock to Truman. The Pres had won in biggest electoral upset of U.S. Their radicalism had kept both mod. liberals & mod. conservs in the dem. fold. Freed Truman to camp. as pro Civ. Rts. |
| Benjamin Spock | Did most to emphazise link between FT moms & healthy kids. Only Bible outsold his Baby & Child Care (1946) in 50s. Urged moms to not work out of home, to create atmosphere of warmth & intimacy for kids. Crying babes to be comforted & b-feeding in vogue. |
| Earl Warren | Chief justice of Supreme Court (1953) who broadened constitutional protections for individual rights. The Supreme Court drew conservatives' wrath for defending the rights of those accused of subversive beliefs. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. |
| Allen Ginsberg | Author who wrote "Howl" (1956). He was known as a non-conformist writer known as part of a group called the Beats. The Beats expressed a more fundamental revolt against middle-class society. |
| Malcolm X | Blk power owed much to militant rhetoric & vision of MX. Drug add. & street hustler, Islam, in prison. Urged Blks to sep. from "white devil" & pride in Af roots/blackness. Claimed blks had to rely on armed self-defen & seice free "by any means Necissary" |
| Betty Frieden | One of many people who refined liberalism; she also wrote "The Feminine Mystique" to denounce "the housewife trap". |
| Kerner Commission | "The Ntn'l Advisory Commission on Civ. Disorders" Said white racism fostered pov., slum hous., poor ed., & police brut." Recomd'd increase fed spending to create new jobs for urb. blks, construct add. pub. housg & end schl seg in Nor. |
| Black Panthers | Organized in 1966. Was a militant group, urged blk men to overthrow their oppressors by becoming "panthers-smiling, cunning, scientific, striking by night and sparing no one." Violent confrontations with police left some BPs dead & many more in prison. |
| Henry Kissinger | Harv'd Prof, Nix's foreign-policy advisor. A refugee from Hitler's & a prof of int'l relations, Secret talk w/ N.Viet's foreign min, Le Duc Tho. Cease-fire agrm't he secret nego't'd required w/drawl of Am troops, return of USPOWs, & NViet stay in So. |
| Students for a Democratic Society | Student group opposed to militarism & racism; called for "participatory democracy". Created in 1962 by 60 students. Members of this group wanted to directly control the decisions that affected their lives & could end materialism, militarism, & racism. |
| Tet offensive | Attack by NViet, it convinced many Ams that war could not be won. On 1/31, 1st day of offensive, & Viet New Yr, Ntn'l Liberation Front (NLF) & NViet forces mounted a huge offensive, attacking more than 100 towns in SViet & even the US Embassy in Saigon. |
| Nixon Doctrine | 1969, Pres Nix unveiled. He redefined the US role in 3rd world as that of helpful partner rather than a military protector. It reflected the Pres's recognition of the war weariness of both the electorate & the US troops in Viet. |
| Pentagon Papers | Secret chronicle of Pre lies to foreign leaders, congress and Am people regarding US involvement in Viet. Pub by NYTimes started on 6/13/71. Nothing damaging about his admin, Nix feared it would lower pub trust & set a precedent for pub classified works. |
| Strategic Defense Initiative | Costly "star wars" program to build a missile defense system. To counter the freeze campaign, Reagan in March 1983 proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative, a computerized anti-missile system involving space-based lasers and other high-tech components. |
| Moral Majority | Jerry Falwell founded Moral Majority in 1979 as a pro-life, pro-family, pro-moral, and pro-America crusade , actively supported conservative candidates. |
| Reaganomics | Reagan's economic program boiled down to the belief that American capitalism, freed of heavy taxes and government regulation, would achieve wonders of productivity. |
| Iran-contra Scandal | Reagan Admin sold weapons to Iran to illegally finance contras. Late 1986, Beirut newspaper reported that in 1985 US shipped 508 antitank missiles to Iran. Goal was release of US hostages. Oliver North had secret $ from Iran sales to Nicaraguan contras. |
| North American Free Trade Agreement | Created free trade including US, Canada, & Mexico. Admitted Mex to the free-trade zone created earlier by US & Cana. Critics warned US jobs would flee to Mex, NAFTA backers (ie economists) predicted net gain in jobs as Mex markets open to US products. |
| Muammar el-Qaddafi | From Wikipedia: Leader of Libya, lead African Union, His country was rich from oil. Dictator with threats of weapons of mass destruction. Civil War in Feb 2011. Killed Oct 20th while being captured. |
| Manuel Noriega | In 1989, Bush ordered a U.S. invasion of Panama to capture the nation's ruler, General Manuel Noriega. Formerly on the CIA payroll, Noriega had accepted bribes to permit drugs to pass through Panama. Convict of drug trafficking, received life in prison. |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Reagan & Gorb. revived arms-control proc. Work to reduce tensions as strugl'd w/ crises @ home. Wanted to democra. Russian gov & eco -no Com Party. In Jun 1987 -Berlin Wall down. Dec 87 signed intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty. Start/end ColdW. |
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