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Biochemistry 2 E3
Biochemistry 2 Palmer Exam 3 protein metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a ketoacid | what is left when the amino group is removed from an amino acid |
| alanine goes to what | pyruvate |
| glutamine goes to glutamate which goes to | alpha-ketogluterate |
| asparagine goes to asparatate which goes to | oxaloacetate |
| to make alpha ketoacid knockoff _____ and put on ____ | NH3, O |
| what are the 2 ketogenic amino acids that cannot turn into glucose | leucine and lysine |
| what are the 6 amino acids that can be oxidized by muscle | 1)leucine 2)isoleucine 3)valine 4)glutamate 5)aspartate 6)asparagine |
| what amino acid has the greatest intracellular/extracellular ratio in muscle | glutamate >50 to 1 |
| what is anaplerosis | adding to the pathway |
| what is cataplerosis | taking from the pathway |
| what amino acid has the worst intracellular/extracellular ratio in muscle | alanine 6-10 to 1 |
| what imports glutamate into the muscle | liver, digestive system, immune system |
| what does the muscle export to the liver, digestive system, immune system | nitrogen |
| what enzyme is used to add nitrogen to glutamate to make it glutamine | glutamine synthetase |
| glutamine goes to cells needing nitrogen like | gut and immune cells |
| what enzyme converts glutamine into glutamate | glutaminase |
| what enzymes are released most from the muscle | glutamine and alanine |
| what happens to the glutamate and alanine concentrations during low intensity exercise | -20% decrease in glutamate concentrations -no change in alanine concentration |
| what happens to muscle glutamate and alanine concentrations during moderate intensity exercise | -40% decrease in glutamate concentration during 1st minute -60% increase in alanine concentration |
| what are the plasma trends with exercise | -glutamate CONCENTRATION decrease -alanine CONCENTRATION increases |
| how does nitrogen remove amino groups | -transamination -oxidative deamination |
| most amino acids transfer their alpha-amino group to | alpha-ketoglutarate |
| what does transamination result in | glutamate and an alpha-keto acid |
| the main way nitrogen leaves the muscle is as | -glutamine -alanine |
| what are the entry points to the urea cycle in the liver | 1)glutamate dehydrogenase 2)aspartate amino transferase/glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase |
| what does glutamate dehydrogenase do | deaminates glutamate |
| what does aspartate amino transferase do | transfers amino groups from glutamate to oxaloacetate, forms aspartate |
| what are the unique abilities of the liver | 1)urea cycle -liver has ability to deal with ammonia 2)gluconeogenesis -turn alpha-ketoacids into glucose |
| what are the 4 amino acids in the urea cycle | 1)citrulline 2)argininosuccinate 3)arginine 4)ornithine |
| when a branch chain amino acid is oxidized in muscle it must get rid of | the nitrogen |
| alpha ketogluterate takes the nitrogen and | becomes glutamate |
| glutamate gets rid of the nitrogen and gives it to | pyruvate |
| pyruvate becomes | alanine |
| alanine leaves the muscle and | goes to the liver (glucose-alanine cycle) |
| alanine and other excess AA go to | the liver |
| alanine and other excess AA must get rid of | the nitrogen |
| alanine and other amino acids turn into | alpha-ketoacids which turn into: glucose, fat, CO2, and ATP |
| glutamate has what 2 choices as to how it gets rid of the nitrogen | 1)glutamate dehydrogenase 2)aspartate aminotransferase |
| glutamate dehydrogenase makes the NH3 join with CO2 to make what | carbamoyl phosphate |
| carbamoyl phosphate enters what cycle | urea cycle |
| aspartate aminotransferase transfers nitrogen from | glutamate to oxaloacetate |
| oxaloacetate turns into | aspartate |
| aspartate enters the | urea cycle |
| 2 amino acids that are NOT glucogenic | 1)leucine 2)lysine |
| main anaplerotic amino acid to the TCA: | glutamate |
| 3 AA that donate nitrogen for purines and pyrimidines | 1)glutamine 2)aspartate 3)glycine |
| ALT alanine amino transferase | alanine+alpha-ketoglutarate <--> pyruvate+glutamate |
| AST aspartate amino transferase | oxaloacetate+glutamate <--> aspartate+alpha-ketoglutarate |
Created by:
ellerjason12
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