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Pathology Boards P.1
Pathology Boards Part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an INCREASE in SIZE of cells | Hypertrophy |
| an INCREASE in NUMBER OF CELLS | hyperplasia |
| failure of cell production | aplasia |
| decrease in cell production | hypoplasia |
| aplasia during fetal development | agenesis |
| decrease in the mass of pre-existing cells | atrophy |
| the replacement of one differentiated tissue by another | metaplasia |
| complete disorganization of cells | anaplasia |
| change in size, shape, or function of cells | dysplasia |
| condensation of nucleus | pyknosis |
| fragmentation of nucleus | karryohexis |
| destruction of nucleus | karylosis |
| sudden cut-off of blood supply (infarct), characterized as preservation of tissue structure (heart, kidney, adrenal gland) | coagulative necrosis |
| digestion of tissue (ischemic injury to CNS) | liquefactive necrosis |
| cheese-like consistency (tuberculosis) | caseous necrosis |
| interruption of blood supply to an extremity or bowel | gangrenous necrosis |
| accompanied by liquefactive necrosis secondary to bacterial infection | wet gangrene |
| accompanied by coagulative necrosis due to arterial obstruction to an extremity | dry gangrene |
| enzymatic necrosis (acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis) | fatty necrosis |
| peripheral nerves die | Wallerian degeneration |
| hyaline cartilage and/or skeletal muscle degeneration | Zenker's Necrosis |
| too much melanin | vitiligo |
| too little melanin | alinism |
| iron containing pigment | hemosiderin |
| accumulation of iron in tissue macrophages | hemosiderosis |
| accumulation of iron in parenchyma | hemochromatosis |
| yellowish breakdown product of lipid (wear n tear pigment) | lipofuscin |
| Organ atrophy and lipofuscin deposition | Brown atrophy |
| This is caused by hypercalcemia due to HPT, HV D, excess calcium intake (milk-alkali syndrome) | Metastatic calcification |
| This occurs in damaged tissue (scarred heart valves, atherosclerotic lesions or old trauma, calcium level is normal) | dystrophic calcification |
| accumulation of amyloid in tissues of insoluble fibrous protein (TB, osteomyelitis, leprosy) | amyloidosis |
| These are produced by mast cells, basophils, platelets. they increase vascular permeability, vasodilate | histamine |
| these are produced by platelets, mast cells, and increase permeability | serotonin |
| produced by coagulative pathway, vasodilator, stimulates PAIN receptors | bradykinin |
| released by phospholipids of cel membranes produces prostaglandins, leukotrienes and other mediators of inflammation | arachidonic acid |
| common to central africa, assoc with epstein-barr virus, affects b-cells, starry sky appearance | Burkitt's lymphoma |
| diagnosed by presence of reed-sternberg cells, painless lymphadenopathy | hodgkin's disease |
| aka nephroblastoma, occur in children 2-4, often huge palpable flank mass (kidney area) | Wilm's Tumor |
| ovarian cancer that has spread from the stomach, ovarian cells replaced by signet-ring cells | krukenburg's tumor |
| fibroid tumor, M.C. tumor in women 20-40yoa | uterine leiomyoma |
| aka sentinel or signal node, enlarged, firm supraclavicular lymph node, usually on left side (gastric carcinoma) | virchow's nodes |
| adenocarcinoma of lung apex, causing pain and tingling over ulnar n. distribution, constriction of pupil and paralysis of levator palpebrae, due to pressure on brachial plexus (horners syndrome-ptosis, meiosis, anhydrosis) | Pancoast Tumor |
| leukemia occurs in children | Acute lymphatic lymphoma |
| leukemia occurs in all ages | acute myelolymphoma |
| leukemia occurs in elderly men | chronic lymphatic lymphoma |
| leukemia occurs in adult men (30yoa) | chronic myelolymphoma |
| Trisomy 21, assoc with increased age of the egg causes severe mental retardation, epicanthal folds, simian crease, protruding tongue and congenital heart disease | Downs Syndrome |
| due to deletion of short arm of chromosome 5 causes severe mental retardation, microencephaly, an unusual cat-like cry | Cri du Chat Syndrome |
| trisomy 18, premature infany, hypoplasia of muscle, mental retardation | edwards syndrome |
| results in high levels of LDL causing atherosclerosis and xanthomas | Familial Hypercholestrolemia |
| manifestations delayed until 30-40yoa, progressively atrophy of caudate nuclei and putamen causeing choreiform movements and progressive dementia | Huntington's Disease |
| defect of connective tissue, causing elongated arms, legs, arachnodactyly, dislocation of lens, ligamentous laxity, CV defects (aortic aneurysms and mitral valve prolapse) | Marfan's Syndrome |
| acoustic neuromas, cafe au lait spots, and skeletal disorders | Neurofibromatosis (von Reckinghausens, elephant man's disease) |
| malfunction of the pancrease that destroys the lung, exocrine glands produce viscous mucous interferes with absorption leading to steatorrhea and malabsorption (chronic pulmonary disease) | Cystic fibrosis |
| karyotype 47,XXY(male), causes male hypogonadism, atrophic testes, gynecomastia, and tall stature | Klinefelter's Syndrome (small kocks) |
| karyotype 45, X (f) causes female hypogonadism, primary amenorrhea, short stature | Turner's Syndrome |
| karytype 47, XYY(male)causes tallness, severe acne, violent behavior | XYY Syndrome |
| fragile area on X chromosome, secondary to downs syndrome causes hereditary mental retardation and bilateral macro-orchidism in male | Fragile X Syndrome |
| deficiency of Factor VIII marked by hemorrhage from minor wounds, recurrent hemarthrosis | Classic Hemophilia (Hemophilia A) |
| deficiency of factor IX | christmas disease (hemophilia B) |
| accumulation of gangliosides in neurons | Tay-Sachs Disease |
| accumulation of glucocerebrosides in monocytes | Gaucher's Disease |
| accumulation of sphingomyelin lipids | Nieman-Pick Disease |
| deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate | Von Gierke's Disease |
| enzyme def, phenylalanine is not converted to tyrosine in liver | PKU |
| enzyme def, phenyalanine and tyrosin are not completely broken down, leading to build-up of homogentisic acid causing ochronosis | Alkaptonuria |
| motor function of coordination are lost, often presents as spastic syndrome, athetoid movements, hemi or paraplegia due to upper motor neuron involvement (scissors gait) | Cerebral Palsy |
| congential elevation of scapula | sprengel's deformity |
| multiple, congenital fusions of cervical vertebrae | klipple-feil |
| congenital megacolon caused by absence of nerve plexus and ganglions | hirschsprung disease |
| malformed cerebellum/medullary structures due to caudad traction of spinal cord. causes non-communicating hydrocephalus | arnold-chiari malformation |
| excessive accumulation of csf, obstruction of 3rd and 4th ventricle | hydrocephalus |
| caused by blockage of the absorption via arachnoid granulations | communicating hydrocephalus |
| assoc with hutchinson's teeth and saddle nose deformities | congential syphillis |
| failure of IVF to close, leaving an opening between right and left ventricles | ventricular septal defect |
| vessel between left pulmonary artery and descending aorta is open (often in Rubella) | Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
| foramen ovale can't close between 2 atria | atrial septal defect |
| m.c. cyanotic anomaly, characterized as blue babies, dextrarotation of aorta, right vent hypertrophy, IN septal defect, pulmonary stenosis | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| congenital narrowing of aorta | coarctation of the aorta |
Created by:
DrDwin
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