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APUS Semester Review
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| reasons for exploration | population growth after Black Death; nationalistic empires; new merchant class; god, glory, and gold |
| explorers and their accomplishments | Prince Henry the Navigator explored west coast of Africa; Christopher Columbus explored Carribbean; Vasco de Balboa crosses Panama; Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the globe; Hernando Cortes conquers Aztecs; Francisco Pizarro conquers Incas; Hernando d |
| Richard Hakluyt | propagandist that told people to move to New World more trade and less population |
| early attempts at settlement of the Americas | French tried to establish fur trade through Quebec; Walter Raleigh and John White establish Roanoke but disappear |
| Columbian Exchange | exchange of ideas, tech, disease, pens between New and Old World |
| Jamestown | first English settlement; really crappy place to live with malaria and swamps; John Smith was everyone's hero; Lord De La Warr has that guy everyone hates; after starving time winter, they began to prosper from tobacco |
| Mayflower Compact | established government of Plymouth colony; John Smith was commander; declared alliance to king, all agree to laws, all obey laws; Thanksgiving dinner that night was delish |
| House of Burgesses | first assembly of representatives by English colonists; democracy in Jamestown, democracy for all |
| Pequot War | first major conflict with Indians; Connecticut settlers burned and killed Pequot Indians |
| patroons | Dutch landowners in New Amsterdam/New York; great power in few hands |
| reasons for settlement of each colony | didn't spend an entire day filling out this sheet? |
| Bacon's Rebellion | backcountry vs. tidewater; Nathaniel Bacon was a western landowner who wanted to keep on expanding west, but eastern aristocrats forbid it; significance- conflict between Indians and whites, unwillingness of settlers to abide by promises, unwillingness of |
| Navigation Acts | first one restricted colonial trade to England only; second one forced all European trade to pass through England and get taxed; third imposed taxes on colonial intratrade |
| Dominion of New England | British combination of the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor; ended in the Glorious Revolution when they drove out Governor Edmund Andros |
| French and Dutch in the New World | French came for fur trade with natives, traders were called seignuries; Dutch patroons fought with England for New Amsterdam, but lost it |
| early colonial economy | agricultural; tobacco at Chesapeake, rice in Georgia; indigo in South Carolina; some ironworks and mining in North; plantation in South, town in North; yet very primitive inadequate structure |
| Leisler Rebellion | Jacob Leisler resents exclusion from colonial elite, so during Glorious Revolution he takes over and partys hard, but is soon executed |
| Salem Witch Trials | doesn't everyone know out this? significance was of gender tensions and religious power |
| Royal African Company | held a monopoly on the slave trade until the 1690's; when broken prices fell dramatically and numbers increased |
| cottage industries | mainly Northern women industries like weaving and candle making |
| Triangle Trade | rum, slaves, and sugar between America, Europe, Caribbean, and Africa |
| Great Awakening | religious movement in which society sought for a new revitalizing, intense experience; these were the "New Lights" and they faced off with traditional "Old Lights", Whitefield and Edwards were the best |
| Stono Rebellion | in a destabilizing environment, slaves rose up and killed whites, but never made it to Florida |
| Enlightenment | an intellectual movement beginning in Europe; in America, it was a reaction to Awakening; undermined traditional religious authority; science! education! look to your self!; Locke, Descartes to Jefferson, Madison |
| Albany Plan of Union | a united government plan in which each colony retains its constitution; president general would rule, and a grand council would legislate; failed, but was inspiration for future |
| Seven Years' War | French, British, Iroquois, faceoff!; first, Fort Necessity, Iroquois side with British, other Indians side with French; second; William Pitt, with the British, truly start attacking French; third, Pitt relaxes colonial hold, and soon destroys French at Qu |
| Proclamation Line | forbade settlers to advance beyond a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains; allowed London to control westward expansion; prevent conflict with tribes by slow down expansion |
| British laws opposed by the colonists | Sugar Act- eliminated illegal sugar trade and taxes sugar; Currency Act- eliminated all paper currency; Stamp Act- tax all printed documents, big crisis!; Declaratory Act- Parliament can do whatever it wants; Mutiny Act- colonists must shelter soldiers; T |
| Boston Massacre | everyone knows; blown out of proportion by Sam Adams; British was sin and bad things, we must organize ourselfs |
| First Continental Congress | all 13 colonies should: reject plan for colonial unification under British authority; endorse statement of grievances, make military preparations, nonimportation/nonexportation/nonconsumption to stop all trade, meet again next spring |
| motivations for the independence movement | war was so expensive that we need a new goal like total independence; British recruited Hessians, and we hate Hessians; British rejected Olive Branch, thus rejecting peace; Common Sense of course |
| Revolutionary War battles | Lexington and Concord; Battle of Bunker Hill; Hudson River; Saratoga; Yorktown |
| Articles of Confederation | Congress would be the central institution of national authority; could conduct wars, foreign relations, borrow/issue money; could not regulate trade, draft troops, or tax; "firm league of friendships" |
| Shay's Rebellion | military fiasco; fought for paper money, tax relief, less debts, move capital from Boston inwards, no prisons for debtors ; demise of Confederation |
| Republican Motherhood | female education, served to make women better wives and mothers (no advanced/professional training) |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | wrote A Vindication of Rights of Women; linked feminism to American democracy; challenged religious doctrine of women's roles; described marriage as legalized prostitution; women possessed natural god-given rights |
| Abigail Adams | wrote to her husband, John, reminding him to "remember the ladies" when framing the new republic's government |
| Northwest Ordinance | created a single Northwest territory (north of the Ohio River); 60,000 population necessary for statehood; freedom of religion, trial by jury; prohibited slavery; most significant achievement of Confederation |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | the federal government had been formed as a contract among the states and possessed only certain delegated powers; whenever it exercised any undelegated powers, its acts were nullified; Jefferson and Madison's response to Alien and Sedition Acts |
| Great Compromise | compromise at the Constitutional convention calling for a two-house legislature, with one house elected on the basis of population and the other representing each state equally |
| Bill of Rights | freedom of religion, speech, press, arbitrary arrest, trial by jury, reserved to the state all powers except those specifically withheld from them or delegated to the federal government; drafted by Madison as first 10 Amendments |
| principles of the Constitution | 1) federalism 2) separation of powers 3) checks and balances 4) popular sovereignty 5) limited government 6) judicial review 7) national supremacy of law 8) civilian control of government |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | established a Supreme Court and district courts |
| Bank of the United States | Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution |
| Whiskey Rebellion | farmers in western PA refused to pay a tax on whiskey and terrorized the tax collectors; crushed by Washington and 15,000 troops; exemplifies quickness of the new government |
| Jay's Treaty | settled a conflict with Great Britain over British interference in US shipping; prevented a war; unpopular as it gave up US neutral rights |
| Pinckney's Treaty | agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida's border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans |
| XYZ Affair | French Talleyrand demanded a bribe and loan before agreeing to discuss negotiations with Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry; led to the Quasi War with France (US cut off trade, repudiated treaties, and used Navy warfare) |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | Federalist; Alien- new obstacles for foreigners wanting to become US citizens (anti-French) Sedition- allowed government to prosecute those who used their very own First Amendment |
| Revolution of 1800 | the transfer of power from the Federalists (Adams) to the Republicans (Jefferson... almost Burr); showed peaceful transfer of power to another party |
| characteristics of Federalists | (Adams) power in the federal government, fear of mob, strong national government, wise elite rulers, loose interpretation of the Constitution, national bank, shipping/manufacturing economy, national state debts, the original Republican |
| characteristics of Democratic- Republicans | (Madison) share power with local/state governments, fear of absolute power, limit national government, agrarian economy, strict interpretation of Constitution, anti-national bank, Bill of Rights, "plain people"; the original Democrats |
| the Jeffersonian spirit | agrarian ideal, universal education, limited central government, simplicity, common man; challenged by growing cities, commerce and industrialism |
| technological advancements of the early 1800s | Oliver Evans- flour mill, steam engine; Eli Whitney- cotton gin, mass parts; Samuel Slater- spinning mill; Robert Fulton and Livingston- steamboat |
| components of the emerging infrastructure | turnpike era (toll roads)- first from Philadelphia to Lancaster; private companies only made over short distances |
| five civilized tribes | Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by Indian Removal Act |
| Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism; stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects; attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans; also had an effect on m |
| precursors to the war of 1812 and when it began | territorial desire for Spanish Florida and Canada; British kept on restricting our trade; warhawks |
| Hartford Convention | New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances and hinted at succession; irrelevant after New Orleans; caused collapse of Federalist Party |
| Treaty of Ghent | ended War of 1812; no land was lost, war was declared a tie |
| Tecumseh | leader of secular efforts, realized need for unification, Battle of Tippecanoe occurred when left |
| Tenskwatawa | "Prophet"; religious leader and orator, mystical awakening from recovering from alcoholism, superior values of Indian civilization and sinfulness and corruption of white world; killed at Battle of Tippecanoe |
| Francis Cabot Lowell | Boston manufacturer; put spinning and weaving into a factory; thus Lowell mills; popular for young women |
| Clay's American System | Bank, Tariff, Infrastructure |
| end of the first party system | Monroe's election; signaled end of Federalist party |
| Panic of 1819 | right after a boom from high foreign demand for farm goods and land boom (speculated investments, easy credit); bank failures (Bank of the US); ended "era of good feelings" |
| Marshall Court | Federalist; strengthened judicial branch, increased federal government's power, advanced interested of propertied/commercial classes |
| Missouri Compromise | Maine would be admitted as a free state, Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, others- 36th parallel would decide (north-free, south-slave) |
| Monroe Doctrine | American continents are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization efforts by Europe; US would consider any foreign challenges to the sovereignty an unfriendly act |
| Andrew Jackson's constituency | opposed economic aristocracy, "era of the common man;" terrible for Indians; New Orleans hero; Democratic; farmers, workers; Locofocos |
| Tariff of Abominations | tax on imported goods; earned animosity from southerners |
| Nicholas Biddle | president of the Bank of the United States; provided credit to growing enterprises, issued bank notes; supported by Webster and Clay; called in loans and raised interest rates to purposefully cause a recession; conflict with Jackson |
| Indian Removal Act | law passed by that guy, Jackson, that forced many Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River |
| Webster-Hayne Debate | It was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nati |
| Whig Party | An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements; ran Harrison as "simple man", but he died; then Tayler takes o |
| Alexis de Tocqueville | French aristocrat who wrote about the genuine equality and democracy of America; it all came from resources!; read handout in which he flatters and compliments and boosts our self esteem |
| specie circular | issued by Jackson, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it;required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie; stopped the land speculation and the sale of pu |
| John Tyler's actions | former Democrat; abolishes Van Buren's independent treasury; gets rid of US Bank; Caroline Affair, Aroostook War, Webster- Ashburton Treaty, Creole Affair, extraterritoriality in China |
| Dorr Rebellion | Hello, I have a story to tell you. In 1841, Rhode Island was governed by a 1663 charter which said that only property holders and their eldest sons could vote (1/2 the adult male population). Thomas Dorr led a group of rebels who wrote a new constitution |
| Cult of Domesticity | developed because of feminism, industrialization, immigration, religious revivalism, social activism/reform movements; stressed piety, purity, submissiveness, domesticity |
| factory system | first in New England textile industry; newer, larger machines, put all under one roof; exchangeable parts; Lowell Mills- young, unmarried, farmer's daughters |
| first wave of immigration | from North and Western Europe (Irish and German); seeked farming jobs, came as families, mostly Protestant (except Irish Catholics), "fit in"; somehow every adjective you can think of to describe them is the exact opposite of the second wave, woah |
| infrastructural improvements of the mid- 1800s | canals to ship directly West (funded by state govenments); first- Erie Canal (1825); railroads- North East; trunk lines (longer) |
| artisan tradition | sense of "moral community;" unable to compete with factory made goods; formed trade unions |
| changing family structure | movement from farms to urban areas (jobs more important than land)- less patriarchal; income earning work shift from farms/family to factories (economic unit); less reliance on family as work force (hired from outside); distinction between work and home; |
| reasons cotton was king | hardier, coarser, grew in different climates and soils; invention of Eli Whitney's cotton gin; growing demand by the textile industry; it was prettying bringing in $200 million a year, all part of the Cotton Kingdom |
| Gabriel Prosser | in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed. |
| Denmark Vesey | United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged |
| Nat Turner | led a band of armed free African Americans who went from house to house killing a total of 60 whites before being overpowered by state/federal troops; free blacks might generate more violence/rebellion than slaves |
| De Bow's Review | advocated South economic independence from North; but was such a hypocrite man, look it up, its funny |
| painting and literature of the early 1800s | Hudson River School was nationalistic with romantic American nature; James Cooper was the first great American novelist; Walt Whitman just love democracy and the individual; Herman Melville wrote about whales and strength and pride; Poe was sad; transcend |
| Know-Nothing Party | pro Nativism (a defense of native born people and a hostility to the foreign born- racism, prejudices); banned from holding office, more restrictive naturalization laws, literacy tests for voting; dismantled over slavery |
| George Ripley's Brook Farm | full opportunity for self-realization; share equally in labor and leisure, destroyed by a fire |
| Robert Owen's New Harmony | "Village of Cooperatiion", equality; socialist communities called phlaxes |
| Mormons | Joseph Smith then Brigham Young; established a "New Jerusalem;" polygamy, ridged form or social organization (almost militarized), intense secrecy; represent desire for order in antebellum |
| Horace Mann | Massachusetts education reformer; make everything better and make lots of schools and great things; but! also to impose social values on children, order impulse |
| social reforms movements of the mid-1800s | temperance crusade, water cures and diets, phrenology, education, asylums into penitentiaries, feminism |
| William Lloyd Garrison | "The Liberator", universal unconditional abolition, slavery is a sin, "moral suasion"; LEEGO, reject the ACS, BECAUSE I WILL BE HEARD |
| Seneca Falls Convention | Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton; "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions;" most prominent demand was suffrage; Quaker values and slow evolution towards equality |
| Thoreau and Emerson | you know the answer. it is in yourself. transcend the limitations of your brain, and realize that the answer to this flashcard exists somewhere in your heart. use your self-reliance. |
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