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Part II Gen. Dx <>
Part II General Dx <>
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does a viral infection do to body temperature? | Causes spikes of fever and chills. |
| What does a bacterial infection do to body temperature? | Steady high temp. |
| What is Icterus? | An AKA for jaundice. |
| If a patients eyeballs appear opaque and there is not red light reflex, what condition is this? | Cataracts |
| Bilateral optic disc swelling is indicative of what condition? | Papilledema, caused by intracranial pressure. |
| This condition is a painless gradual accumulation of intra-ocular pressure that leads to loss of vision and shows an increased cup to disc ratio. | Open angle glaucoma. (90% of glaucomas) Shining a light through the end does NOT create a shadow. |
| This condition is a painful sudden onset of intraocular pressure that has an increased cup to disc ratio and is a medical emergency. | Closed angle glaucoma. Shining a light through the eye DOES create a shadow. |
| What is arcus senilis and what is its significance? | An opaque ring around the cornea. Frequent in elderly and clinically insignificant. |
| This eye condition is known to show waxy exdates and microaneurisyms on fundoscopic exam. | Diabetic retinopathy |
| A fundoscopic exam finding of cotton wool sports or copper wire appearance is indicative of what condition? | Hypertension and associated diabetes. |
| Name the 3 most common reasons for conduction hearing loss. | Cerumen build up, infection, otosclerosis. |
| Name the 2 most common reasons for sensory-neural hearing loss. | Neuroma and prebycusis (age-related hearing loss) |
| Swimmer's ear is a common term for this ear condition. | Otitis externa |
| A retracted tympanic membrane may indicate what condition? | Acute serous otitis |
| A red budgling tympanic membrane may indicate what condition? | Acute suppurative or infected otitis |
| When lymph nodes are non tender and non mobile, what condition must be ruled out? | Lymphatic cancer. |
| Virchow's nodes (hard left supraclavicular lymphatic nodules) often indicates what condition? And what is in AKA for virchow's nodes? | Gastric cancer. Troisier's sign. |
| T-4 syndrome is associated with cold hands, what is T-10 syndrome associated with? | Pancreatitis. |
| what condition is known for having skip lesions, rectal bleeding, and presents with string sign on barium x ray? | Crohn's. |
| This condition is known to start in the distal colon and move proximal. It is associated with mega colon, and bloody diarrhea. It is also associated with "lead pipe sign" | Ulcerative colitis. |
| Early bowel obstruction does what to bowel sounds? | Caused increased bowel sounds. |
| Late bowel obstruction does what to bowel sounds? | Caused decreased bowel sounds. |
| Name the only liver condition that causes tenderness. | Acute hepatitis. |
| Name the only liver condition which presents with a potentially shrunken liver, but could also cause it to swell as well. | cirrhosis |
| Hepatitis causes a boggy liver. What 2 conditions cause a hard liver? | Cirrhosis and cancer. |
| What type of liver dysfunction is associated with IgM, shows decreased WBCs on a blood lab? | Acute hepatitis A or B. |
| what type of liver dysfunction is associated with IgG and shows normal or elevated WBCs on a blood lab? | Chronic hepatitis. |
| Dull sounding percussion is due to fluid, and causes increase femitus Name 4 conditions that could cause such percussion. | Pneumonia, pulmonary edema, Massive pleural effusion, congestive heart failure. |
| Hyper-resonant percussion is caused by the presence of air and causes decrease fremitus. Name 3 conditions that could cause that percussion. | COPD, emphysema, pneumothorax |
| What is the respiratory finding of stridor? | A high-pitched wheezing due to airway obstruction |
| What is pectoriloquy? | Whispered 99 |
| What is bronchophony? | Spoken 99 |
| What is egophany? | EEEEE -> AAAAAA |
| Prolonged expiration a characteristic on what type of respiratory condition? | COPD |
| What kidney condition is associated with RBC casts in the urine? | Glomerulonephritis |
| What kidney condition is associated with WBC and waxy casts in the urine? | Pyelonephritis |
| Hemorrhoids above the pectinate line are called? | Internal hemorrhoids |
| Define hypospadias | Male genital defect on ventral surface |
| Define epispadias | Male genital defect on doral surface |
| How does a hydrocele in the male groin differ from a scrotal hernia in regards to transillumination? | The hydrocele WILL allow light to pass through, the hernia will not. |
| What is a seminoma? What it the prognosis? | A germ cell tumor it the testis. 95% survival rate. |
| What is a varicocele? An enlargement of scrotal veins. | An enlargement of scrotal veins. "Bag of worms" |
| Describe testicular torsion. How does Prehn's sign help DDX it? | Twisting of spermatic cord injures testicle. Prehn's sign (lifting of the testicle) that relieves pain is epididymitis. No relief points towards testicular torsion. |
| This sign lifts the testicle and a positive result relieves pain. What is the probably diagnosis? | Prehn's sign. Epididymitis. |
| What is cryptochism? | A non descended testicle. |
| What is the most common hernia type for a woman? An older male? A young male? | Woman = femoral. Older male = direct inguinal. Younger male = indirect inguinal. |
| What type of prostate disorder is associated with painful ejaculation? | chronic prostatitis. |
| How does benign prstatic hypertrophy differ from cancer on palpation? | BHP is large, smooth and has lateral lobes. Cancer is nodular and has posterior lobes. |
| what is the name of the condition in which the anterior vaginal wall is weakened due to a bladder issue, and presents with an anterior bulging? | Cystocele. |
| What is the name of the condition in which a female's rectum protrudes into the posterior wall of the vagina? | Rectocele |
| Name the 4 pelvic shapes. | Android. Gynocoid. Anthropoid. Platypoid. |
| What is mastitis? What organisms cause it? | Inflammation of breast tissue. Primarily staph. But could be strep. |
| Name the condition in which a female presents with multiple tender nodules that regress after each menstral cycle. | Fibrocystic disease. |
| Define the cardiac acronym ARMS PRTS. | Aortic regurgitation = Mitral stenosis. Pulmonary Regurgitation = Tricuspid stenosis. |
| Which part of the stethoscope is used for listening to low pitched sounds and stenosis? | the bell. |
| Which part of the stethoscope is used for listening to high pitched sounds and regurgitations? | The diaphragm. |
| What is cor pulmonale? | Right sided heart failure. |
| Pitting edema and varices are associated with which side of heart failure? | Right sided. |
| Congestive heart failure i associated with which side of the heart? | Left side. |
| Name the primary cause of CHF. | Systemic hypertension. |
| AKA for blood pressure sounds. | Sounds of Korotkoff. |
| What is the most common bacterial agent causing endocarditis? (SBE) | strep |
| What does an echocardiogram evaluate? | Chamber size and fluid movement. |
| Diabetes insipidus is caused by what? | Decrease ADH from posterior pituitary. |
| Diabets Mellitus is caused by? | Decreased Insulin from pancreas or resistance to insulin. |
| Kassmaul breathing is associated with what condition? | Diabetic acidosis. |
| What is the physiology of Addison's Dx? | Hypocortisol from adrenal cortex. |
| What is the physiology of Cushing's Dx? | Hypercortisol. |
| What does aldosterone do? | Save sodium, secrete potassium. |
| Describe thyroid hormones 3/4. Where are they created, released? | T4 is released into blood stream at 20/1 ration in comparison to T3. T3 is more potent and is also made when T4 reaches cells and reacts. |
| What is the disease of HYPER thyroid? Hypo? | Graves Dx is hyper. Myxedema is hypo. |
| How many RBCs are in the average person? What is their lifespan? | 4.5-6 million. 120 days. |
| Define Mean Corpuscular Volume | The average size of RBCs. |
| Define Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin | Average mass of hemoglobin per RBC. |
| Define Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration | It is the concentration of hemoglobin in any given volume of a blood sample. |
| never let monkeys eat bananas. because very chronic allergies hurt. | boom. |
| What WBC is associated with bacterial infection? | Neutrophils |
| What WBC is associated with viral infection? What happens to the numbers of this WBC? | Lymphocytes. the numbers go down to fighting the infection. |
| What WBC is associated with chronic infection? | Monocytes. |
| What WBC is associated with allergies? | IgE for allergies. |
| What WBC is associated with heavy metal toxicity and polycythemia? | basophils. |
| What are the most common causes of macrocytic anemia? | B9 or B12 deficiency. |
| What are the most common causes of microcytic anemia? | Iron deficiency or chronic hemorrhage. |
| What condition shows a reversed A/G ratio on blood lab? | multiple myeloma. |
| Altered levels of alpha feto protein in a pregnant woman's blood labmay indicat what type of developmental condition? | Neural tube defects. |
| HLA B27 is associated with which conditions? Use the acronym "U CRAP E" "you crappy" | ulcerative colitis, crohn's, reiter's, AS,PA, Enteropathic arthritis |
| What does diabetes mellitus do to specific gravity of urine? what does insipidus do? | Mellitus raises it. Insipidus lowers it. |
| What does clay colored stool indicate? | biliary obstruction. |
| This Ig (antibody) is released first and is found on B cells, hence, associated with humoral immunity. | IgM. (also released first) |
| This Ig (antibody)is found in tears, saliva, and breast milk. | IgA. (also released second) |
| This Ig antibody) activates basophils and mast cells. | IgD. |
| This Ig (antibody) is the only one which crosses the placenta. | IgG |
| This Ig (antibody)is associated with allergies. | IgE |
| Thiamine (b1) deficiency | beri beri |
| Riboflavin (b2) deficiency | cheilosis (fissures in corners of mouth) |
| Niacin (b3) deficiency | pellagra |
| Pentothenic acid (B5) is used to makes what important biomolecule? | Coenzyme A |
| Biotin (B6) deficiency | Seborrhoeic dermatitis or neurological conditions |
| Folic Acid (B9) deficiency | neural tube defects, macrocytic anemia |
| Cyanocobalamin (B12) deficiency | pernicious anemia |
| Retinol (vitamin A) deficiency | night blindness |
| Cholecalciferol (vitamin d) deficiency | ricketts, osteomalacia |
| Tocopherol, (vitamin E) deficiency | Sterility, skin conditions |
| Quinone (vitamin K) deficiency | hemorrhage, lack of clotting |
| What pathology is chromium associated with? | diabetes mellitus |
| What Vitamins are fat soluble? | ADEK |
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